Technology ahead penalty - how much ahead penalty is acceptable to you? I am sitting on 500 cultural points and can go for legalism 3, but I don't see any reason to with +46% ahead penalty. I am thinking of hoarding points for a few more years instead.
Any suggestions or comments?
It's a bit situational. For me the main questions are whether it's a key tech, how many tech points am I producing, and what am I missing out on by not upgrading.
Not all techs are equally important. Personally I prize Military Organization, Castle Infrastructure, Keeps, Construction (with Reaper's Due DLC), Majesty (if empire and going for Imperial Administration), and Legalism above other technologies. I'm willing to take a 50% penalty for those, but not for others.
Some technologies also have key points that are important to reach. A good example is 4 Military Organization which is needed to ignore attrition in pagan territories. If I was at 2 and could upgrade to 3 at a penalty, but wouldn't have enough tech points to reach 4, then I would choose to wait. A similar case is the 5 Legalism required for Absolute Crown Authority. You get no benefit from Legalism 4, so there is no point in taking a penalty to upgrade if you won't be able to upgrade it one more time to reach 5. If I wait until I do have enough points for Legalism 5 then I'll also get a lower penalty for Legalism 4.
On the other hand, with technologies like Castle Infrastructure where each level gives a bit of a bonus but no specific level gives anything crucial I'm more prone to just spend my points as long as the penalty isn't worse than 50%.
For any technology that's not a key tech I will wait until the penalty is gone before investing any points at all.
I guess that leads to a followup question - without Conclave, what makes your vassals vote for the law changes, especially ones that they may dislike, like High Crown Authority. I tried bribing and giving gifts, but apparently 35-45 opinion isn't enough
50 opinion is when they can change their mind and vote for your law, but it isn't guaranteed. I've had vassals at 80 opinion that still refused to vote for my laws. But try t get opinions to 50 anyway. Those whose vote can change based on opinion alone will change it at that point.