I didn't realize this when I first started playing the Netherlands, but colonies in Guyana (Northeastern South America) are actually closer to you than Newfoundland or Greenland.
I was able to reach South America from Antwerp with Exploration Ideas, Diplo tech 7, and a +20% colonial range advisor (which as the Netherlands you automatically get one by event in the 1500s in the form of Mercator). Otherwise, I imagine you can reach this area at Diplo 9 if you don't have the advisor. Once you get a colony up in Guyana, you can then start colonizing the Mid-Atlantic region of North America.