Syria description for CORE HoI
Syria_desc.
Conquered by the Ottomans in 1516, the lands that would become modern Syria consisted of parts of the Ottoman vilayets of Damascus and Aleppo. As the Ottomans undertook a modernization program in the nineteenth century in an attempt to preserve its territorial integrity and increase the authority of Istanbul over the provinces, new Western ideas about politics, society and the economy began to filter into the region along with increasing Western economic penetration, challenging the traditional authority of local Arab Sunni Muslim elites. As the Young Turks undertook a program of Turkification after 1908 for the Ottoman Empire's elites, the local elites of Syria began to turn to Arabism, with some hoping to transform the Ottoman state into a Turkish-Arab Dual Empire that would preserve their traditional influence and a few even calling for independence. Severe repression by the Young Turks of these Arabists, combined with the strains of World War I, would lead to the conquest of Syria by the forces of the Arab Revolt in 1918. Having been promised the leadership of an independent Arab state in exchange for leading revolt against the Ottomans, Sharif Husayn's son Faysal moved in 1919 to declare himself ruler of Syria based in Damascus. A secret arrangement between Britain and France to divide the Arab possessions of the Ottomans, the Sykes-Picot Agreement, placed Syria in the French sphere and they soon demanded Faysal recognize French overlordship. When Faysal refused, the French invaded Syria and drove Faysal out in 1920. From that point on the French would have to contend with Muslim Syrian hostility to their control of the League of Nations mandate. To meet this challenge, the French attempted to divide Syria into smaller states in which minority groups would dominate - successfully implemented in the creation of Lebanon in 1924 and also used to grant limited autonomy to the `Alawi of the Syrian coast, the Druze in the Mountains southwest of Damascus, and the Kurds east of the Euphrates River. This did little to gain the French support of most of the majority Muslims of Syria, and in 1925 revolt would again threaten French power, leading to complaints in the League of Nations that France was not fulfilling its Mandate responsibilities. By 1927 the Revolts would be crushed, and in 1930 the French would attempt to create a "independent" republic in which minority groups preserved much autonomy and the French retained a dominant position. The majority Muslim communities rejected this solution and continued to agitate for greater control, something which had been gained by Iraq in 1932 from the British. In 1936, following a further outbreak of riots across Syria, the French would sign an agreement granting Syria much more control over its own affairs and ending the local autonomy enjoyed by minority areas, gaining the support of some key members of the Sunni Muslim elite in Damascus and Aleppo. Yet the 1936 treaty faced many challenges. Some radical Syrian Muslim nationalists, led by Dr `Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar, rejected it as too little, demanding full independence, the reunification of Lebanon with Syria and the withdrawl of French troops. The `Alawi and Druze communities resented the restoration of Sunni Muslim dominance and demanded the restoration of local self-rule, while the Turks in Alexandretta (al-Iskandariyya, Hatay) demanded reunion with Turkey. And many on the French right vowed to fight the passage of the treaty by the French Chamber of Deputies, arguing it reduced France's power in a key region at a time of growing threats in Continental Europe. That the 1936 Treaty was to become the basis of France's fulfillment of its mandate responisbilities seemed very much an open question.