Chapter 6: The IronChancellor
Dealing with Austria
Along with the new Prussian Prime Minister came a new foreign Policy. One that was decidedly anit-Austrian. During his service in the Frankfurt diet, Bismarck had come to hate the Austrians in every respect. However what truly set him apart from other Prussian Diplomats of his time what that he was not anti-French, and was almost Pro-French. As soon as Bismarck took control of Prussia’s Foreign Policy, he ordered the border with Austria to be fortified and manned with troops.
By the Middle of the year, the World situation was changing still, The third Franco-Dutch war was in full swing, and the United States was embroiled in a great Civil War.
And at home, a civil war of sorts between Germanic Peoples was brewing.
In January 1862, Austria, along with Tuscany, was thrust into war against Wallachia, Bulgaria, and Russia. This was an interesting situation for Bismarck. With Austrian attention drawn toward the Balkans the Prussians could secure more land to the south. Austria intended to once again to reach its borders to the Black sea. Bismarck decided not to engage in hostilities against Austria yet, now was not the time. In November 1862 the Russo-Austrian Balkan war concluded with Galezien being ceded to Russia. Also the Franco-Dutch war ended with Rotterdam being ceded by the Belgians back to the Netherlands
One year later, in 1863, Austria went to war with the Ottoman Empire, again trying to gain ground in the Balkans. Almost 2 years into that conflict, Bismarck lost his Patience. He instigated a war with Austria on the grounds of a ‘border violation’ With that, in Late March 1865, what was to be known as the ‘Seven Weeks War’ Began.
Prussia’s strategy was simple, and so was their goal. The region of Erz, which lies just south of Brandenburg, was ethnically German. Most of the other regions close to the Prussian border where Czech in ethnic nature. Bismarck, only wanting to unite the Germans, not deal with rebellious Czechs, send Prussian armies in the Erz Province. By Late May, the Prussians had attained their objective, capturing Erz, and had begun a march farther south in an attempt to bring the Austrians to the peace table.
(Portrait of Climactic battle of Erz in the 7 Weeks war, Prince Frederick Charles leads his men into battle)
On May 25th , Austria became Austria-Hungary. Whilst their enemy was caught in internal upheaval, the Prussians offered peace in exchange for Erz.
The peace was accepted.
With the attainment of Leibenstraum for Berlin complete. Prussia was faced with another issue. Throughout the last few years in Europe, beginning with the French revolution of 1848, a wave of ‘Nationalism’ was sweeping Europe. In the early 1860’s, the City-States of Italy United under one banner. The only principality that did not join the unification was Tuscany. Later on in the decade, after the transformation of Austria into Austria-Hungary, again a great cry for Unification of Germany Began.
In Early 1866: Bismarck Addresses the Reichstag:
"We had to avoid wounding Austria too severely; we had to avoid leaving behind in her any unnecessary bitterness of feeling or desire for revenge; we ought rather to reserve the possibility of becoming friends again with our adversary of the moment, and in any case to regard the Austrian state as a piece on the European chessboard. If Austria were severely injured, she would become the ally of France and of every other opponent of ours; she would even sacrifice her anti-Russian interests for the sake of revenge on Prussia. . . .The acquisition of provinces like Austria Silesia and portions of Bohemia could not strengthen the Prussian state; it would not lead to an amalgamation of German Austria with Prussia, and Vienna could not be governed from Berlin as a mere dependency. . . .Austria's conflict and rivalry with us was no more culpable than ours with her; our task was the establishment or foundation of German national unity under the leadership of the King of Prussia. "
With Austria sounded Defeated, Prussia became the predominant nation of Germany. With this, Threats from non-German nations arose. In the east, Russia loomed as large as Ever, always threatening that back door action against Prussia in the event of War. But the new major enemy, with Austria gone, was France. The age old enemy of the German peoples. The Prussian army would certainly face a good fight should Prussia ever go to war with France.
However this was not the Prussian army of 1848, now the Prussians had much better leadership. Some of the Generals prepared to lead the Prussian armies west were; Moltke, Bittenfeld, Falkentien, and Price Frederick Charles. Along with this, General Blumenthal commanded the armies of East Prussia, as a guard against any Russian Aggression. For the time being, the Prussians also kept a sizable force in the recently aquired Erz, just in case the still loyal Austrian populous decided to act up. These troops, numbering about 15,000 were commanded by General von Manteuffel.
Just in case a war with France ever came, Prussia acquired military access through Baden, along the German-Franco Border, and through Luxembourg.
Luxembourg would be the key to a Prussian victory against France. A vassal of Baden ,Luxembourg lies just on the northern flank of any Defensive line the French could place against invading Prussian Armies.
In April 1867, Austria-Hungary entered another war with Russia and Bulgaria. Another war for the Balkans. Some thought that Bismarck might again use this opportunity to declare war on the Austro-Hungarians, however far unknown reasons, he decided against it.
In March 1868, the Northern German Confederation was established in Berlin, consisting of Prussia, Hannover, and the other states that supported Prussia during the war with Prussia. With this Germany solidarity against foreign threats was established.
But what about the south? Should Prussia go to war with France, Baden, and Bavaria, both situated on Prussia’s southern flank were allied with France. Would these German states declare war on Prussia if war came? The only words that could provide the Prussians with any help were the words of Bismarck more than 10 years ago, when he said the great questions would be answered “By Iron and Blood.”
By September 1869, Prussia had acquired military access through Belgium as well, another French ally. Should any of these French allies brake their military access, and neutrality agreements, their national stability would plummet.
The Franco-PrussianWar
Then, in February 1870, the Spanish throne was offered to a Prussian Prince. Worried about the growing power of Prussia, France cried foul. Bismarck’s response was to compose the ‘)
Ems Dispatch ' which was worded so carefully that it would turn this dispute between France and a Prussian family into an international dispute between Prussia and France. One week later, France declared War upon Prussia.
Now the real test for the future of all Germanic Peoples began.
Much to the Prussians regret, Belgium, Baden, and Bavaria joined France in their struggle against Prussia.
Many in the Prussian Parliament knew that this conflict would truly decide the fate of Germany, and as to whether or not it would become united.
The Prussian goal for this war was a simple one. Territorially they wished to acquire the region of Alsace, which was ethnically German.
To guard against the southern German threats, the Prussian 3rd army under General von Manteuffel was sent to Sachsen to guard against the Bavarian border.
The Prussian 1st army under Field Marshall Helmut Moltke advanced through Luxembourg into Lorraine, in an attempt to cut off French reinforcements from reaching Alsace. Meanwhile, the Prussian 2nd army under Karl von Bittenfeld was to pass through Frankfurt and enter into Alsace. Should this 2 pronged offensive not convince the French to surrender, the two armies were to advance together on Paris.
(Prussian Troops advance into France)
The first battle of the Franco Prussian war came in Mid April 1870, where the Prussian 1st army of 40,000 men faced off against 41,000 French troops in Lorraine. The Prussians used full advantage of their cavalry, and managed to rout the French from the field. By May 1st, Lorraine fell to Prussian troops, and the 1st army began its march on Paris.
Meanwhile, the Prussian 2nd army under Bittenfeld entered Alsace via Frankfurt, the area was undefended, and quickly fell, soon after they two began their march on Paris.
In the south of Germany, the Army of Manteufful entered Wurzberg in an attempt to silence the southern German coalition. In a sound defeat, Prussian forces were forced to withdraw.
Back in Lorraine, the Prussian 1st Army faced a fierce counter-attack from Belgian forces. The fight was fierce, but the Prussians held on. During the battle of Metz, the Prussian army lost most it’s strength, and its leader, Field Marshall Moltke to a horrid chest wound as he was rallying his men crying,
“Rise Up! Rise Up Germans! Stand up you men, stand up you free men, Stand up Germans!”
As he lead his men into a Cavalry charge a bullet struck him in the heart.
(Prussian Charge in which Moltke was wounded)
In the ensuing weeks the Prussian withdrew back to the Alsace-Lorraine region and in a series of horrific battles just managed to Beat back the French. In one of these battles, General von Bittenfeld also fell in combat. With the Prussian Armies freshly reinforced, the advance West began again.
In Early 1871, the Bulk of the Prussian Army engaged the Bulk of French forces in the Franche-Comte. In this decisive battle of the Franco-Prussian War, the Prussia won a resounding Victory over French Forces. After this battle, a peace offer was sent to Paris, demanding the secession of Alsace to Prussia. The peace was rejected, and the Prussian advance west continued. A month later, as the Prussian army reached the outskirts of Paris, the French surrendered, ceding Alsace to Prussia.
Thus ended the great Franco-Prussian War. And with it the ascension of Prussia as Europe’s dominant Military Power.
With France defeated, and all immediate foreign threats dealt with, the German Parliament met in Germany. He the conclusion was reached that now was time for the Unification of the German Peoples.
On that day, September 23rd , 1871, The Empire of Germany was declared.
Within the week, all of the Germanic Principalities had joined the United German nation.
Germany was a reality, and Europe would NEVER be the same.