The Election of 1861
The election of 1861 was dominated by the emergence of the liberal DFP as Germany’s first modern political party – organisationally far more advanced than its predecessors on the left and present opponents on the right. With the ascension of the politically moderate Wilhelm just weeks before the election of the Landtag hopes of a liberal led government were high.
The final results revealed a stunning victory for the Progress Party. The liberals had not just won a majority but claimed a shade under 2/3s of the vote and of the Landtag. For the Conservatives it was a total disaster, hardly a united bunch at the best of times their humiliation at the hands of the liberals sent the right into a period of deep introspection.
With the Landtag now totally under their control the DFP felt they were in a strong position to demand that the King appoint a liberal led government. Things would not be quite so simple for the DFP. Constitutionally the King was under no obligation to accept the supremacy of the Landtag, indeed there still existed a Conservative dominated upper house – the Herrenhaus (Prussian House of Lords) to contend with, not to mention the distrust of the King and his circle towards radicalism of any sort.
The negotiations of the DFP founder and leader Max von Forchenbeck with the King and elements of the right must be seen as the greatest political triumph of liberalism in Germany since 1848. In exchange for tempering his party’s reform programme – effectively abandoning the call for constitutional monarchy – von Forchenbeck secured a liberal led administration. His DFP was to enter into coalition with centrist conservatives – but the liberals were to hold the balance of power and von Forchenbeck was to be appointed Minister-President. With Prussia becoming an unlikely beacon of liberalism in the reactionary world of post-’48 German politics, hopes amongst the Germans of unification began to grow once more. The von Forchenbeck government was about to enter a deeply hostile world, but with the boundless enthusiasm of liberal idealism behind it.