The Second French Empire arose as a direct consequence of the Moroccan war.
In Autumn of 1850, several reports had reached the ear of Minister of the Interior Samuel Sardou that Moroccan tribes had been illegally passing through French Algerie and causing much grief to the local population.
Samuel Sardou was born in 1817 at Toulon to a family of influential academics of the University of Marseille. In his youth, he followed his parents' directions and avidly studied the classics before being taken up as a secretary to his father in 1832. His secretarial work saw him gaining important connections in academia until he was finally appointed as Professor of Philosophy alongside his father. With the revolution of 1848, he was elected to participate in the Constitutional Assembly and there became known enough to be chosen for the Ministry of the Interior in the de l'Eure cabinet.
As a consequence of Moroccan trespassing, Foreign Minister Pierre-Marie Gardet requested that the Sultan of Morocco surrender the border territory of Taza to a French governor that would impede any such incursions into Algeria proper. Gardet’s request was quickly denied by the Sultan, prompting Prince-President Louis Napoleon Bonaparte to give the order to mass troops on the border with war being officially declared on the 19th of November 1850.
With a large amount of the army being called abroad, a plot to overthrow the state was hatched by radical members in Parliament, including former Ministers Adolphe Thiers and Louis de Broglie. However, investigations undertaken by Sardou managed to uncover the ringleaders and planned their capture for December 2nd. On that day, the national guard in Paris arrested the MPs and swiftly took apart the barricades that their supporters had hastily erected in the morning.
The rebel barricades are taken down by the army
In the next days, further dissident members were found and arrested before being publicly tried for their crimes. Thiers managed to obtain an exile in recognition for his service to France during the Franco-Belgian War, but de Broglie was found with radical socialist books in his home and shot on the 6th of December.
In view of these unexpected developments, a series of edicts were promulgated to grant Prince-President Bonaparte enough power to ensure the safety of the country and the possibility to re-write the constitution to limit any future insurrections. Dissident Deputies of the parliament were arrested and barred from participating in political life while a referendum confirmed these emergency powers until the stability of France could be ensured.
With strong doubts about the loyalties of the cabinet, Emperor Napoleon sacked Prime Minister Dupont de l’Eure and elevated the former Minister of War Médard de Valence to head of the cabinet lead by the Légitimiste faction.
In the meantime, French forces in Africa had obtained the expected results and achieved complete military victory over Morocco who agreed to hand over Taza on the 31st of January 1851.
The new province of Taza extends the Algerian possessions
With peace established, a Constitutional Assembly was called to ensure that there would never again be engulfed by the political turmoil of the previous months. Elections were undertaken under previous electoral laws and soon Édouard Affré, grown in fame since his diplomatic expedition to Hungary, emerged as unofficial director of writing.
The elections coincided with another referendum where 87% of eligible voters accepted Louis Napoleon Bonaparte as Emperor Napoleon III.
The constitutional assembly began its work by abolishing voting rights across France to curb the interference of Socialist dissidents who would foment revolution. The Upper House was maintained as a body with members appointed by the Emperor who would select them among the most prominent citizens of each region. Further measures against Socialist encroachment included the abolition of trade unions, unsanctioned public meetings and the closing of all newspapers that had attacked the person and institution of the Emperor.
The following years of the empire’s life saw a consolidation of the new political order and the growth of the industry and economy of France under the supervision of the Minister of the Interior Yvon Brousseau who pointed out the need for a domestic supply of cotton and coffee to stimulate further development.
Yvon Brousseau was born 1816 to a peasant family in the outskirts of La Rochelle, he would not have moved far from his home village if it weren't for the attention of the parish priest. From a young age, Brousseau demonstrated a significant aptitude for learning and thus the prelate took it upon himself to pay entirely for his education where the young Yvon studied law until graduating in 1832. In these years, he struggled to find legal employment due to his low status, so he chose to join the army to make a name for himself. He served dutifully in Algeria and Europe also becoming a prisoner of war in Belgium during the Franco-Belgian War. In 1842 he retired from military service and began an impressive career as a Realist writer where he described the life of common families in the French countryside together with the unfiltered experiences of what it is like to serve in the army. Precisely for this contact with the common man the Emperor chose Brousseau to direct his Ministry of the Interior.
Minister of the Interior Yvon Brousseau
Emperor Napoleon found the resources required for France's development in the long-rebellious colony of Haiti who had been resisting French authority since 1791.
In June 1855, after the Haitian government failed to pay the indemnities it owed to former French plantation owners, Foreign Minister Guillaume Renaudin proclaimed that this breach of contract was justification enough to reclaim the rebellious colony.
Guillaume Renaudin was born in 1800 to a rural family of modest means in the vicinity of Pau. As a boy, he helped his family tend to the fields until moving to Bordeaux at the age of 15, seeking employment as a dockworker. In this line of work, he often found himself in the company of rough men and this caused him to be imprisoned for a period of five months in 1821 for a violent argument he had with a captain about payment. With the conquest of Algeria, Renaudin decided to seek fortune there and became one of the first French colonists in the region. He established himself as a vendor of naval supplies in the city of Algiers where he became a welcome sight to French emigrants who could feel at home in this foreign land. His small store soon grew to become one of the principal providers to the French fleet stationed in the Mediterranean until he managed to produce enough funds to relocate the Renaudin Maritime Supplies to the more comfortable city of Marseilles. Having become a prominent citizen, he was appointed to the Imperial Upper House where he was chosen as Foreign Minister in recognition of his skills in dealing with international business partners.
The war with Haiti began in August 1855 when 20.000 French soldiers performed an amphibious attack on the island of Hispaniola and took control of the main cities and old colonial fortresses. The native response was limited in scale and scope: a rebel army of around 5.000 attempted to re-take the city of Les Cayes but they were repelled by a combined barrage of naval and shore-based artillery. Further resistance was met in the form of small guerrillas in the mountains and forests who harassed the army and attempted to cut supply lines. This offense, however, was readily handled by the general who had studied previous attempts and managed to root out these rebels before any real damage could be done.
The island of Hispaniola is re-incorporated into the Empire
With the occupation of the island, Brousseau set up offices in both France and the Colony where old plantation owners could re-claim their lost lands and where the inhabitants of the island could prove that they were not the descendants of slaves. All those who could not provide this proof were taken by the occupying army and returned to their owners, if an heir could be found, or sold by the State to those who would wish to be new investors and colonists.