XXII: Beginning of the End (1470-1472)
Provocations
History regards Isidor von Keyserling as a bit of a villain. His 'realpolitik' view of the world jars the ideals of those who want to see the Teutonic Knights through the rosy glasses of chivalry or holy righteousness. Having lost the 1462 Conclave he manipulated the final voting to secure the deputy-ship for himself. He often acted without consulting his superior, such as negotiating the end to the Muscovy war.
Yet, so long as people treated him fairly and respected his abilities, Keyserling worked hard and could be helpful. The unbiased truth seems to be that he complemented Hochmeister von Holstein well, his pragmatism combining with the grandmaster's spiritual certainty and focus. It's interesting to debate what might have been in another time or world.
As it stood, less than two weeks after the Treaty of Prague expired, a Bohemian contingent once more entered Marienburg. He did not find Holstein, who was making the circuit of nearby monasteries and churches. He did find the deputy.
Marienberg Chronicle said:
...And so (the envoy), having been shown every courtesy, held discourse on the quality of food and drink available. Lord von Keyserling humbly apologized for his discomfiture, but noted that as it was mid-winter our larder was not what could be desired or wished. Further, in compliment to him, the envoy effectively drank and ate at the same table as the Hochmeister.
In response the Bohemian railed insultingly about the Order's hospitality and the quality of the men who served her. (Keyserling) replied that all here served God, whereupon the Bohemian spat.....
Naturally Bohemian records tell the opposite tale. The envoy, having gently encouraged the Order to not take aggressive actions at this time and so prevent the further effusion of human blood, was remonstrated and denounced 'in a most aggressive and shocking manner.'
(Warned by Bohemia)
Regardless, everyone agrees on what happened next.
Marienburg Chronicle said:
And so the profaner was bound and stripped to his undergarments, though allowed to keep his shoes. The deputy ordered that his head be covered by a dark hood to increase his discomfiture while allowing for some defense against the cold. (Soldiers) disarmed his retainers and instead offered them hoes, saying that farming was the only occupation open to Bohemians .... then placed a halter around (the envoy's) neck and led him first through Marienberg then to Konigsberg, all the while bearing a sign around his neck that read 'Fool.'
(Diplomatic Insult. What can I say? I don't like being warned.)
Ladislav II seems to have expected the Teuton response, for rather than answering the envoy he allegedly turned to his Marshal, Mikolas Pardubice and said 'And so it begins.'
A Matter of Honor
On February 5, Bohemia declared war on the Teutonic Order over the 'shocking' treatment of their representative. The usual suspects; Aquileia, Lithuania and Cologne vs. Brandenberg, Pskov and Ingria, joined in.
Once more Ladislav caught the Lithuanians off guard. Their young king, Vytautas I, (he chose not to count the grand duke from sixty years before in his reckoning) supported neutrality. His former regents advised him that Lithuania's current strength partly came from their ongoing friendship with the Bohemians, and anyway if von Holstein followed his 'Bohemia first' strategy again they would take few if any losses.
Von Holstein planned differently this time. Since Lithuania still fought with Muscovy, he entrusted the east (Novgorod) command to von Richtenberg with orders to support missionaries in Beloozero and attack targets of opportunity. V
Von Altenburg's west (Bohemia) command was already armed and ready. Rather than risk a direct confrontation now he'd strike into Masovia, possibly disrupt recruiting efforts, and return to attack Pardubice in Warmia once attrition had taken its toll.
The east (Lithuania) belonged to von Buexhoeven. He didn't have much of an army in place, however, so received the first batch of hired mercenaries. His orders were simply to force Lithuania out of the war so Bohemia had to fight alone.
It wasn't a bad plan. Some strategists wonder if a 'Bohemia first' policy might have worked again, but it overlooks the potential for another draw as more Lithuanian troops came off the Muscovite border. The plan overlooked two things however: Cologne and Aquileia.
Cologne didn't have the military or access necessary to challenge the Order. What they did have was a highly trained spy network used to the Machiavellian-like intrigues of Imperial courts. It took them three weeks to send an agent, Ernst Kamm, down the Rhine to Rotterdam and then to Danzig. Several bribes later he met with Simon Johannson.
Johannson was a former knight 'purged' by von Holstein's effort to purify and strengthen the order. In the intervening years his resentment grew to encompass the entire Church and their 'worldly' ways. Though he never heard of the much larger Italian sects, for all intents and purposes he was 'Fraticelli' and believed St. Francis of Assisi's rule regarding poverty was absolute. This made the secular Knights his enemy and the
very secular Danzig a tempting target. He raised a formidable army of believers and started 'purifying' outlying towns.
One week after that Kamm appeared in Riga and convinced nationalists to unite under Henning Blumberg's promise of a merchant republic. Von Buexhoeven secured the city and captured both Kamm and Blumberg. He ordered them put to death, publicly and painfully, and the rebellion died.
Pardubice sieged Warmia in February while a single Lithuanian banner worked their way through Wenden towards the bishophric seat of Dorpat. Meanwhile the Bohemians and Brandenbergers traded sieges along their border. In the east Lithuanian commander Arturo Gostautas won yet another victory over Muscovite Marshal Gregor Kamewski devastating his army but annihilating the Russians.
(Completed mission: Protect vs. Muscowy. New Mission: Protect vs. Bohemia)
In March the war heated up as Fyodor of Pskov seized Polotsk. This encouraged von Richtenberg to sneak across the Muscovite border with his three thousand men and ambush nine hundred Lithuanians on garrison duty in Rzhev. Surprise was complete and in three battles over two days he killed or captured the entire force before retiring across the border.
This convinced Vytautas that the Teutons were serious about fighting. He ordered diplomats to make the best deal they could with Muscowy. They came away with only Rzhev. As this allowed Moscow to immediately declare war on Tver and try to regain their lost lands, historians consider it a strategic draw.
Between the Muscovite peace and continued Cologne interference (this time inciting an Estonian revolt), von Holstein ordered his deputy to arrange loans with the Danzig merchants to cover another five thousand mercenaries.
This 'War of Honor' involved more Teuton mercenaries than in any previous war and so it's worth examining their reasoning. While most nations used mercs when engaged in serious warfare, by 1470 the more enlightened ones saw the many advantages of having a standing army of internally grown professionals. It gave them more control over the unit's leadership, development and use while improved methods of acquiring, moving and storing supplies made the costs associated with a permanent officer corps acceptable.
The Teutons also approved of having a standing army, but their own officers were mostly churchmen who learned their new roles 'on the job.' These were the true 'Knights' of the Order, while they filled the lower ranks with lay brothers and those foreigners who wanted to serve but didn't quality for the knighthood. This tended to limit their numbers in an emergency. On the other hand, the Order had contacts throughout Europe and many companies were willing to fight for an employer that almost always paid their bills and added absolution as a side benefit.
Therefore, just two months into the war the Teutons raised thirteen thousand mercenaries. Some of these helped von Buexhoeven relieve Dorpat then surge south. Spies told him that Gostautas approached Polotsk with a large but still badly mauled army. A sharp victory here could drive Lithuania from the war in fact if not in name. In the west some mercs reinforced von Altenburg, who left a small cover force sieging Warsaw and returned to deal with the Bohemians at Allenstein.
(Plus, Completed Mission: Protect vs. Bohemia, New Mission: Improve Relations with Poland)
Meatgrinder
Sun Tzu wrote
'he who is destined to defeat first fights and afterwards looks for victory,' and in May 1471 the Order fought not one, but two climactic battles at near even odds.
In the east, Gostautas' tired army reached Polotsk and approached a covering siege that made up of the bulk of Pskov's army. He received a nasty surprise when von Buexhoeven appeared on his flank two days later and redeployed to meet both armies. On May 22nd his army formed a loose semicircle between two ridges to minimize the Teuton cavalry advantage and prevent him from having to move about too many exhausted soldiers.
This proved to be a mistake, as the Lithuanian army's advantage lay in their mobility. Crossbowmen fired indiscriminately into the Lithuanian line. The halberdiers tired of being used for shooting practice and, despite Gostautas' warnings, broke ranks. This gave the Teuton heavy cavalry the opening they needed to shatter the line. By the time sunset ended the pursuit Gostautas left 7,400 men on the field. Von Buexhoeven pursued him to Vilnius and destroyed the army collecting a large number of banners.
(Try 32 regiments worth.)
To the west von Altenburg's seventeen thousand men, over one third mercenaries, fought Pardubice's eleven thousand. The Bohemian used his reserve to maintain the siege while deploying along the Lyna River with spearmen on the bridges (to deflect cavalry charges) and swordsmen at the known fords.
The Teuton felt a 3:2 advantage sufficent and simply stormed the bridges with his own swordsmen. They overwhelmed the Bohemian spears and so formed a bridgehead, but with men rushing in from the fords it turned into a mass melee. Soon the waters of the Lyna ran red while men on both sides lost their footing (and usually their lives) on the slick cobblestones.
Pardubice didn't want to cripple his army. He'd fought against the Teutons six years before and rose to prominence in the following painful rebuild. He requested a week's armistice and care for his wounded in exchange for abandoning Allenstein. Von Altenburg agreed.
Then killed the prisoners. Then harried the Bohemians into Masovia. Altenburg learned the art of war at the knee of 'Butcher' von Campenhausen and believed the quickest way to cripple his enemies was to kill their soldiers. In two more battles he annihilated the Bohemian army, then in September raced west and broke Johannson's followers outside of Danzig.
Polotsk surrendered to Pskov in September, while Beloozero surrendered to the Church one month later. The Brandenbergers were in serious trouble however: Aquileia surprised even her allies by moving an eleven thousand man army across the continent, crushing the ducal army at Niederlausitz and moving to Potsdam then Magdeburg.
In October 1471, with Brandenberger resistance all but broken, the main (and last) Bohemian army left Brandenberg to avenge their fallen comrades. They were led by none other than Mikolas Pardubice, who survived his army's destruction at Warsaw by taking sanctuary in a church and wanted revenge. On the 27th his eleven thousand engaged von Altenburg's twelve within sight of Danzig's walls west of the city.
He lost.
From the Jaws
On New Years Day, 1472 Grosskomtur von Keyserling met with King Vytautas of Lithuania. There they exchanged mutual regrets about the state of affairs and quickly hammered out what amounted to a status quo peace with only a token concession by the Order to sooth the young king's pride.
(This is a bit gamey, though a 25 ducat 'donation' would have done the trick as well. As far as I was concerned at the time, however, this mod's been pretty gamey with me though, so.... If you wonder why this might be gamey, remember Ingria is still my vassal. This changes absolutely nothing.)
A similar token
(25 ducats) went to Aquileia to urge them to leave Brandenberg alone. This, von Holstein hoped, would give his allies time to rebuild while allowing the Order to focus its undivided attention on the Emperor. Despite their many provocations he still didn't consider Cologne in his planning, and it was still a mistake.
In the east, von Richtenberg abandoned his harassment campaign and rushed to Estonia to deal with the rebellion there.
In the west, von Altenburg chased Pardubice's broken army into Pommerania with hopes of destroying it. Bohemian reinforcements rushed to save their general, while Holstein ordered the navy to ship von Buexhoeven's veterans into the thick of the melee.
This should have been the Order's crowning achievement, a triumphant victory over the alliance that harassed them for decades. Once they'd destroyed Pardubice they'd unite with Brandenberger forces, free (if not just take) Masovia and Pommerania, take back Kalisch and Thorn and break Bohemia's back.
Instead, Pardubice lured von Altenburg into a trap. He continued feigning disorganized rout as the impulsive Teuton followed him far from supplies and help. A fresh Bohemian banner captured his supply depot. The German turned his entire army to try retake it, and Pardubice slammed into his flank. Eight thousand Teutons and mercenaries, including Altenburg, died as Pardubice avenged his losses.
On January 17, the navy shipped half of von Buexhoeven's army into Stargard. As the city flew Teuton colors and his supplies were adequate, the admiral left immediately. That night Pardubice's men, stationed at various staging points throughout the still loyal city, slaughtered the Teutons as they slept. By morning they reduced four thousand knights, laymen and retainers to about 150 scattered in various resistance pockets that fell (or deserted into obscurity) within the week.
On January 30 the rest of von Buexhoeven's men arrived and walked into exactly the same trap. This time a few hundred escaped to join those who'd survived von Altenburg's last stand in Brandenberg. It didn't help as the Bohemian chased them to the gates of Berlin and exterminated the Teuton army.
Now Cologne returned to the fray by sending an unnamed agent into the Ordenstaadt, but not to incite rebellion. On March 2, 1472 he entered Marienburg castle intent on killing Hochmeister von Holstein. Instead in the narrow, dimly lit confines of the upper halls he blundered into Grand Marschal Karl von Bremen. Bremen cried for help and paid with a dagger to the chest. Guards captured the intruder and put him to death.
(Assassinate advisor.)
Through April the situation continued to deteriorate: Pardubice resumed subduing Brandenberg while smaller banners moved on Danzig. Another banner destroyed the covering force sieging Warsaw. Von Richtenberg made his first serious effort to relieve Narva from Estonian nationalists and was handily beaten.
On May 1, von Holstein ordered Grosskomtur von Keyserling to arrange another two loans with Danziger merchants 'before we lose contact entirely.' These he used to raise thirteen fresh mercenary regiments and have them gather outside of the merchant city. He also made the desperate decision to abandon Estonia for now and have von Richtenberg join him.
Pardubice awoke to the danger of a fresh Teuton army and marched to destroy the gathering mercenaries. Hochmeister von Holstein traveled to Danzig to lead the defense: With Buexhoeven missing, Altenburg dead and Richtenberg en route, he was all that remained.
Friedrich von Holstein said:
We make our stand here! None of Ladislav's ilk shall spoil our land. The Ordenstaadt lives or dies here!
On June 21, Pardubice's thirteen thousand men met von Holstein's six thousand infantry. In grasslands rendered into marsh by heavy rain the Bohemian cavalry advantage (Holstein had
none didn't signify, but neither did tactics. Over the next several days more Teuton forces entered the fray and Bohemia defeated each one in detail.
By July it was over, with a handful of Teuton survivors reeling under Holstein and Richtenberg towards Marienburg where von Buexhoeven gathered the other Teuton survivors. Narva fell to the 'Estonians' later that month. Several times von Keyserling offered increasingly generous terms to Ladislav, terms limited to what Holstein would yield: Surprisingly little.