Of all the inventions that have helped to unify China perhaps the airplane is the most outstanding. Its ability to annihilate distance has been in direct proportion to its achievements in assisting to annihilate suspicion and misunderstanding among provincial officials far removed from one another or from the officials at the seat of government.
Madame Chiang Kai Shek
The Japanese advance was aided by airpower. Initially, the Imperial Japanese Air Force had almost a free reign, bombing wherever they chose. Still, a few squadrons of aircraft opposed them. In addition to the Chinese pilots and the Soviet supplied fighters of Operation Zet, a squadron of American volunteers would also take to the sky to harass the enemy. The “Flying Tigers” as the 1st American Volunteer Group would become known, would become renowned as the finest pilots defending China against Japan.
Their leader was one Claire Lee Chennault, a retired US Army-Air Force officer. He had retired from the US Army in 1936, with a reputation as a troublemaker, in part because he always spoke his mind and considered the “Brass” as fools for not taking the Japanese seriously enough. He was coaxed out of retirement by Madame Chiang, acting as air minister, who offered him a 3 month contract to train the Chinese Air Force. With the Japanese Invasion, the 3 month contract stretched out. Chennault would soon be leading the entire Chinese Air Force, such as it was, against the Japanese.
Claire Lee Chennault with the Chiangs
Chennault organised for ex-American airmen to enter Chinese service. Flyers had to be between 22 and 29, with at least a years flight experience. The Flying Tigers soon earned a name for themselves as fierce, disciplined and daring pilots. Although they developed innovative tactics, they also practiced some unconventional tactics. Shark's teeth were painted on the front of all Flying Tiger aeroplanes in order to scare the enemy.
Although the Japanese continued to hold a massive numerical advantage over the Chinese Airforce, they took heavy losses, and it must be said that Japanese airpower did not significantly affect the fighting ability of Chinese forces.
Although Claire Chennault certainly aided the Chinese Air Force significantly, it must be stressed that many Chinese were also involved. Apart from Madame Chiang, her deputy Air-Minister Huang Chen Zuo must be recognised for his enormous role in developing fighter tactics.
On land, the objectives were to contain the advance of the Kwantung army, halt the Japanese amphibious landing and throw the Japanese Marines back into the sea. It was a daunting task- the Japanese possessed superiority in artillery, airpower, armour and tactics. Still, they were heavily outnumbered, and Chiang was convinced that the correct application of strength would defeat the Japanese.
Communist troops, aided by the planes of the Flying Tigers and Operation Zet Bomber force managed to contain the Japanese landing after a series of bloody battles. Despite a Japanese attack North towards Yantai, Mao’s guerrilla’s and a few regular Guomindang divisions had managed to eject the Japanese from Hefei and Xuzhou. The immediate danger to Nanjing was over, but the Japanese continued to advance.
Communist forces halt the Japanese advance
Japanese commanders were somewhat confused by the unexpectedly fierce resistance they encountered. Expecting China to a mass of banditry and warlordism, they assumed they would be welcomed with open arms by a populace seeking to liberated from Guomindang rule. Instead, as they were met with guns, Japanese troops lashed out civilians, and the advance became bloodier. The axis of advance of the Japanese changed. Instead of attacking the capital, the Imperial Japanese Army high command sought to link up their forces. This would create a salient large enough that the United Front forces could not hope to halt the Japanese, who could overrun all of Northern China. They had to be stopped. On August 19th, Japanese forces launched coordinated attacks against Chinese positions in Yucheng. Chiang was form in his order. Yucheng must hold!
*Anyone know the Pinyin form of this name? EDIT: Thanks all.