Europe: October – December 1939
Axis Expansion
During the last days of the war against Poland, Germany began to drum up support from the Balkan nations. Hungary and Slovakia had both singed military alliances with German in the first half of 1939, and in the second half, as the Third Reich flaunted its military prowess, Romania, Bulgaria and Yugoslavia all accepted German terms of agreement after lengthy, and often discussions that took place between German diplomats and the Balkan state’s respective Foreign Ministers. All three nations bowed down to pressure, and singed military agreements with Berlin, effectively amalgamating them into the German sphere of influence. By the end of the German-Polish War, the Axis stretched over much of Eastern and Central Europe, and Berlin commanded a number of benevolent puppet states. The main reason Hitler had pushed for the Balkan nations to join the Axis was to curb the threat of Communism, but more importantly, in Romania’s case, to secure lucrative oil fields to power the massive German war machine.
Only one notable country was missing from the Axis Alliance – Italy. Mussolini, the obliging Fascist ally of Hitler, had refused to engage in hostilities so early, as he believed that Italy was in no position to fight a sustained war. However, on the 28th October, after witnessing the swift collapse of Poland, the rapid growth of the Axis, and the apparent weak state of the British army, Mussolini finally agreed to officially join Germany in war against Britain and the Commonwealth.
Italy was able to overrun British possessions in North Africa, as Britain, quite surprisingly, had not adequately garrisoned its African colonies and protectorates. Italian troops, facing little resistance were able to reach the Suez Canal by mid December, and Cairo fell on Christmas day to a relatively small Italian force of only three infantry divisions. On the 29th of December, British resistance in North Africa had collapsed, and Italian forces from Abyssinia and North Africa met up at Aswan on the Nile, joining the entire Nile River Valley from South Abyssinia to Alexandria under Italian control. This was a great and moral boosting triumph for the Italian army, which had been against war with Britain. Mussolini was happy to secure such a grand victory, comparable to Hitler’s invasion of Poland. Mussolini’s fear that Italy was unprepared for war against Britain now appeared unfounded, as British colonial troops in the thousands retreated from the superior number of Italians.
On the same days as Italian troops met up on the Nile in Upper (Southern) Egypt, Italian forces crossed the Suez and attacked the British Mandate of Palestine, but in Britain’s first victory of the war in North Africa, the Italian force was pushed back to Egypt. However, this was only a minor defeat, and Mussolini’s forces were the most powerful in the Mediterranean. The Italians regrouped in Egypt, in preparation of another offensive against Palestine that would presumably begin sometime in mid January.
Italian Offensive in North Africa
The German-Danish War
On October 25th, two weeks after the fall of Poland, the Danish Foreign Minister in Copenhagen was delivered an urgent memorandum from the German Ambassador, declaring a state of war between the two nations. The King quickly fled the capital, fleeing to Norway, then to Britain, where he established a government-in-exile. The Danish Army courageously fought an invincible foe, but it was unable to hold back, or even pause, the German onslaught. By the 6th November, German troops had entered Copenhagen, and another nation had fallen to the Nazi Warlord, Adolf Hitler.
The Greater German Reich now spread from Jutland in the West and Lublin in the East. Under Hitler’s rule, Germany had doubled her size, and as the year of 1940 beckoned, Germany stood on the threshold of being the most powerful country in Europe. Germany now commanded a population of around 100 million, the most advanced industrial base, and the most powerful and well equipped army in all of Europe.
The Greater German Reich, end of 1939
The position of France
Since the beginning of the war in September, France had effectively remained completely neutral during the conflict. Paris had managed carefully not to favour either side in the war, and diplomatically, ties were kept open and congenial with London and Berlin. When Italy had joined Germany in late October, the Axis Frontier stretched along the entire Western border, and left France completely bounded by the Axis on one side. This news was greeted quite cautiously in Paris, and Britain began to loose hope of France joining the war in her side, as it was presumable that Premier Sanvea would want to avoid a war with the enlarged Axis. However, France still did not flinch, and Sanvea ensured his people that the Fifth Republic would follow a strict path of neutrality unless provoked.
Both Britain and Germany went to great lengths to ensure that they did not accidentally provoke France. In fact, when German fighter planes had accidentally entered French air space over Alsace-Lorraine, in November, Hitler personally telephoned Premier Sanvea and apologised, and Foreign Minister von Ribbentrop continually and profusely apologised to Henri de Briyande, the French Ambassador in Berlin, for three weeks after the incident.
By the end of 1939, it was still completely unknown which side France would enter in the war, but one thing was for certain: France would join the war, as the Republic’s military was being built up and armoured at an unprecedented rate. War was looming for France, and both British and German diplomats were clambering to ensure that it was not against their respective nations.
"I assure you my dear fellow, France will go to war, but with whom, I am not at liberty to say."
- Field Marshall Gamelin, 1 December 1939, when discussing the possiblity of war with an adjutant.