Note: I was going to post this directly in the AAR, but I figured I'd put it here in case anyone needed to make changes first.
The Reign of Muhammad V Hawashim, the Reformer
Regency: July 13, 1630 - September 14
Reign: September 14, 1634 - February 2, 1673
Throughout his childhood, Muhammad had seen his father conquer first one land and the another, and with each victory came more and more riches from new lands. Grapes from Cyprus, ancient relics from Egypt, and exotic spiced foods from the sultanate’s eastern holdings flowed into Hedjaz during Ali’s reign, and Muhammad soon developed a passion for all things foreign. His xenophilia in turn led him to be interested in the nation’s government at an early age, and his father gladly taught him the basics of ruling the distant lands Muhammad so loved.
The close bond between Ali and his son made the monarch’s death that much more painful. Thankfully his passing was anticipated, and a faithful regency council had already been established to guide Muhammad. They were a conservative group whose main goal was to improve the many relations that had been soured by Ali’s conquests, but they were also willing to allow Muhammad to push some domestic reforms. The most successful of these changes was an expansion of the nobility. While Ali had radically advanced the infrastructure and technology of the nation, many members of the court still supported a return to the old days. To weaken the position of these reactionaries and secure the funds necessary to pass further reforms, Muhammad proposed the sale of titles to merchants loyal to the throne.
After his coronation, Ali began to put his new wealth to use. To further strengthen the cultural and technological advancements of his father's reign, he created a system of public schools run by local mosques so that every Hedjazi child would grow up with both a superior education and an understanding of the nation's unique place in the world. A special university was also built in the holy city of Mecca that would help transform the brightest students in the sultanate into the leaders of tomorrow.
Meanwhile, with the help of Yayha Farhat, his father's master of the mint, Muhammad managed to slash inflation and later dismantle the Hedjazi National Bank. While once necessary, the bank proved cumbersome and outdated in the face of new monetary policies, and its removal allowed for fresh ideas to be implemented in the country. At the same time, Muhammad drastically expanded the royal fleet and instituted a system of impressment to create a navy capable of projecting Hedjazi power throughout the Indian Ocean. He also consolidated Pegu into Hedjaz proper to strengthen the eastern reach of the sultanate.
Farhat proved his worth to Hedjaz, but some of the other advisers remaining from Ali's reign proved to be less valuable. After Farhat's death, Mahommad cleansed his council of unfit courtiers and promoted a new native intelligentsia to his inner circle including the famous Mansour brothers and Mushin Taleb, one of the first graduates of the Holy University of Mecca who proved to be a master of international politics.
This new council proved invaluable as Muhammad turned his eye to the outside world. He still remembered the riches his father had won for the nation, and he wanted to earn his own legacy by conquering new lands. Moreover, he had taken a keen interest in the expansionism of the Europeans, and he believed that to compete with them, Hedjaz would need to secure its own network of trade hubs to protect its economy. And so Muhammad turned his attention toward the east where the remnants of the Timurid Empire still raided and pillaged, and where the Persian menace slowly nurtured its strength. Both enemies had access to valuable spices not found even in Pegu, and treasure unending was said to flow through the city of Hormuz. By convincing the nobles who had only recently acquired their status through wealth that even more money could be made in the east, Muhammad's advisers gained the political support to invade Persia. The initial invasion proved to be a great success, and while some nobles worried about the clout of Muhammad's council, they quickly proved their competency.
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After four years of war, Hedjaz proved victorious. While some wished to annex the entirety of Persia, Muhammad recognized that he only needed to control a small area to monopolized Persia's riches. He carved out a region including Laristan and the great market of Hormuz, forced the foolish ruler of Baluchistan into servitude as the price of joining in the war, and let the wretched Persian dogs govern the rest of their unruly people.
The war proved highly beneficial for Hedjaz. As newfound wealth flooded in across the nation, Muhammad pushed even more reforms. He created new libraries and centers of religious study and reorganized the army. While his father had managed to bring European weapons to Hedjaz, Muhammad used foreign advisors to transform the old Hedjazi regiment into a group of modern warriors indistinguishable from the Spanish tercio that had once terrorized the region.
The ruler of Saruhan was so impressed by Hedjaz's glory that they begged for the hand of one of Muhammad's daughters and later for a military alliance. Some years later he offered them protection from the Ottomans in exchange for an oath of fealty, and they accepted.
Hedjaz had peace for a time, but eventually Muhammad's gaze turned eastward once again. Vijayanagar had grown strong over the years, and its position between the two ends of the sultanate made it a potential threat. Even more importantly, its wealth was a tempting target to the merchant nobles of the court. After studying Vijayanagar's fleet, Muhammad decided it was time to test the new navy that he had spent so long creating.
This second war proved to be far longer and bloodier than the campaign against the Persians. Nevertheless, Hedjaz persevered, and one of Vijayanagar's lackeys, the foolish king of Manipur, soon swore fealty to Hedjaz at the tip of a sword.
The enormous scale of the war required a radical redesign of military leadership. While armies before had been divided between the king himself and one or two trusted generals, Muhammad now commissioned numerous new leaders to take the fight to the enemy. To fill the seats in this new expanded hierarchy and take advantage of the constant combat experience, a system of battlefield commissions was created.
However, there were some complications during the war. Various pretenders and peasants tried to cause mayhem at home, and a covert attempt to expand Baluchistan during the conflict actually ended in half of the vassal state being lost some years after peace was restored.
Nevertheless, Muhhamad was victorious, and while the nation's manpower had taken a heavy toll, Hedjaz now controlled a special economic zone in India, and Vijayanagar had been forced to release a number of smaller kingdoms it had unlawfully occupied.
Again Muhammad took advantage of peace to reform the nation. Ethiopia joined Hedjaz proper, a new judiciary system was established, and new colonies expanded in the Philippines and Nubia.
It was a good time for the nation. While Muhammad's few detractors called him the Miser in reference to his economic policies, most knew him as Muhammad the Merchant King, and history remembers him as Muhammad the Reformer. Unfortunately, however, this success came at a price. The sultan had devoted so much of his life to his work that he had little time for his wives, and his only son, Qa'it, was rumored to be a bastard. While Muhammad loved his son and knew he would prove to be a competent ruler, his advisers had less faith in the heir and his legitimacy. Before dying of a mysterious fever, he urged Qa'it to prepare for a new struggle against Vijayanagar, and he begged his councilors to guide his son well.