Cappadocia
An island of Greek Orthodoxy in predominantly Muslim Central Anatolia, Cappadocia was cut off from the change of Anatolia's religion by virtue of its inaccessibility. Mountains and valleys kept Cappadocian Monks such as St Basil and St Gregory Nazianzos hidden from the purges of enemy forces, and the unique landscape of Cappadocia was traditionally used for such purposes. Iconoclasm never reached the hidden cave churches here- carved solid out of the rock- during the Byzantine Era. The Hittites and pre-Roman peoples here hollowed houses, stables, churches, schools, kitches, and temples out of the soft sandstone, leading many Cappadocians to live as trogdolytes well into the 20th century. Volcanic activity and weathering created deep valleys rich in mineral ores and precious metals, and the fertile valley floors had been growing vines and orchards since Hittite Times.
So isolated from the rest of Anatolia, not only were many Cappadocians totally cut off from their Ottoman Masters, but were even cut off from their Byzantine ones- leading to the Cappadocians speaking their own version of the Greek language and retaining a distinct culture from their fellow Hellenes in Athens and Smyrna. Maintaining the true Cappadocian tradition of autonomy, this land was a vassal under the Romans and can be- and never has been- fully conquered by anyone. The rising urban classes of the cities of Kayseri, Nevsehir, and the others surrounding the 'Cappadocian triangle' strove for self-determination after identifying with the Venizelist cause and seeing the success of the Pontines further to the north. With the fragmentation of Ottoman power after the First World War, a rising urban class led by the clergy pressed for the autonomy of the Cappadocian nation. Surprisingly, this came as independence after the defeat of Turkey in the Greco-Turkish War in 1923, and the clergy, aligned with Greece, strove for an industrialised nation- with the cultural heart still remaining in the central valleys and the industry and intelligensia residing in the outer cities.
However, Cappadocia still has a large Turkish population- leading to the segregation between the Turkish Muslims and Orthodox Christians. By the 1930s, a radical clergy had rose to power, and Cappadocia became an autocratic state led along theocratic lines and controlled by petty warlords and the ominpotent Orthodox clergy. The secular movement had been destroyed, and Cappadocian society was starkly divided. Many Cappadocians were beginning to question why they should be backing the Greeks of Constantinople and Trebizond, with whom they culturally shared little. Centuries of isolation had produced relatively peaceful relations with their Turkish neighbours and some Cappadocians felt closer alleigance to the Kemalists. In 1924, backed by Kemalist Turkey, the Turkish Orthodox Church was created as a movement for 'loyal Turks and devout Rumler [Orthodox Christians from Turkey]'. A Cappadocian priest was elected as Patriarch Efthemios I, and pursued a vigorous anti-Venizelist campaign.
With Turkey or with Greece- for the first time in its ancient and rich history. This time, the Cappadocians cannot remain neutral.