Could something be done with favors? If they could be spent on things other than CTAs, and gained in ways other than already being allied, perhaps it could help somewhat. For instance, in the OP's example, what if when Spain saw France getting wrecked, it had an incentive to send them subsidies, boosting France's trust in Spain, and increasing the number of favors France owes Spain. Those favors could then be spent on things like asking France to abandon claims in Spanish territory, or stopping their privateer activity, or (if France is ahead on a tech) sending instructors to help with research to reduce tech costs, or allowing access to part of their adviser pool, or join the coalition Spain is in, and so on.
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