Mandead said:
Because you are making very general and affirmative statements which have been widely contested by french historiography within the last twenty or thirty years. This makes it hard to answer you precisely, and it sounds as if we knew every motivation and every reason behind every historical event, which is of course utterly false.
Charles VII was a weak and easily led man who simply relied on luck (bad luck, at the beginning of his reign) and the fortunes of those who served him.
One has to remember that Charles was only sixteen in 1419, so he was certainly weaker and more easily led than ten or twenty years later. Still it seems (because we are never really sure of how things really happened) that he had the final word about the assassination of Jean sans Peur (some of his counsellors were arguing against it), most likely because he felt that he would have to make so many concessions to regain the Duke to his cause that he would become a mere puppet.
He was just as able as his son to take advantage of the rivalries between his enemies, exploiting for instance the difficulties encountered by Henri VI with the Yorkists to obtain the evacuation of Maine by english troops, or trying hard until 1435 to break the BUR-ENG alliance. He also learned how to play the various clans around him at court, particularly the Angevins and the Armagnacs, against one another to assure his power.
One also has to keep in mind the situation he inherits in 1422. He has no money, nearly no army after 1424, his vassals are either cautiously neutral (BEA), prone to alliance switching (BRI), held prisoners in England (ORL, BOU) or declared traitors (BUR). Now compare it to Louis XI's inheritance in 1461 with its strong and stable administration, its reformed permanent army, its decent finances, I think we can agree his task was somewhat easier.
A word about the fortunes, I assume you are refering to Jacques Coeur. This merchant is quite an exception amongst the King's servants. Most of them owed their fortune to the King through their offices and this is probably the foremost reason why they remained so loyal.
Louis XI was in control of the situation, united his realm, played England, Burgundy and various other nations off against each other, and outlived both Edward IV and his nemesis, Charles the Bold.
Louis XI made some huge mistakes. The revocation in 1461 of many high-ranking officals, sénéchaux and baillis in the provinces, officers in the army partly led to the War of the Public Weal, since many lesser nobles found themselves suddenly dispossessed after having faithfully served the Crown. There would be many other examples of his authoritarianism. It has to be noted that the news of his death was received as a relievement by most of its contemporaries.
On a more general note, traditional french historiography has had a strong tendency to focus on the struggle between Louis XI and Charles le Téméraire on a personal level, and you are doing exactly the same thing when using the word "nemesis". More recent historians have shown that Charles' ambitions were mostly turned towards the Empire and that Louis had no determining part in the Duke's downfall (there was no direct confrontation between the two men after 1472).
A a last question, wasn't Louis XI a bit lucky when one considers the unexpected deaths of Charles and Marie? Still in the end he only managed to seize Burgundy and Picardy, which were after all rightfully his from the start. He did not gain anything.
Besides, AFAIK Charles VII went mad towards the end of his life anyway.
I'd be curious to know where you read that. Are you refering to his obsessing fear of being poisoned? It was certainly not wholly unreasonable since his mistress Agnes Sorel had probably been poisoned herself. And Louis XI himself was a bit paranoiac, particularly towards the end of his life (which seems to be quite natural for authoritative rulers BTW), and it certainly didn't make any of them both "mad".