I am personally not aware of any console command that allows you to directly add a deposit (ie: to be harvested by a mining/research station).
However you can work around this by doing it indirectly. If you use the 'add_anomaly' console command, you can spawn an anomaly category which has a chance to add a resource deposit.
You may need to try it several times as the anomaly investigation results can be random (ie: it gives you a one off infusion of resources/research rather than adding a deposit).
A quick scan of the game files indicates the following commands will spawn an anomaly on a selected planet/star/asteroid, which when investigated has a chance of adding a deposit of the following types:
'add_anomaly life_asteroid_category' - for chance of society research deposit
'add_anomaly emissions_asteroid_category' - for chance of physics research deposit
'add_anomaly asteroid_uninhabitable_category' - for chance of engineering research deposit
'add_anomaly collision_asteroid_category' - for chance of energy deposit
'add_anomaly crashed_ship_asteroid_category' - for chance of minerals deposit
If this doesn't quite meet your requirements (ie: you want to add a higher/lower value deposit, or you want to add strategic resources), then I suspect you will need to edit your savegame file.
This can be quite daunting if you are new to the game, so I suggest you try the above first and see if it works for you. If its not enough, I'm happy to help you through the basics of making the necessary changes to your gamefile.
Good luck