It was a strange and awkward meeting. At the head of the table, striving to look relaxed and not quite succeeding, was Lieutenant General Arthur MacArthur, commanding general of the Army of the Chesapeake. Arrayed around the table was a collection of what he supposed were good men, even the ‘re-cast’ generals whose last uniform had been Confederate gray came well recommended. All were accounted solid, a few had given brilliant service, but they were all old; two were old enough to be his father. The letter from the Secretary of War naming his five corps commanders had been instructive if not particularly helpful, and the personal letter that accompanied it laid out Longstreet’s reasons for picking the men without improving MacArthur’s desire to take them. MacArthur could understand that the Army was greatly stretched, especially so as it crossed the border into the vast reaches of Canada. He shivered a bit; it was a cool, dry autumn in Maryland, and by some accounts snow had already fallen in Montreal. Whatever challenges he faced here, at least frostbite was not – yet – one of them.
His mission was simple enough, and on paper his means were basic but ample. The Army of the Chesapeake was to contain and, if possible, to reduce the British lodgement in Maryland and Delaware. General Charles Gordon had at last report a hundred and twenty thousand soldiers from all over the United Kingdom and to confront him MacArthur had twenty-two divisions, organized in five corps. His artillery was scanty and his mounted arm almost almost non-existant; this, combined with the uncertain quality of his volunteer troops, had left him reluctant to press against the British lines. But now the Navy had smashed a half-dozen transports off Bethany Beach and prevented Gordon’s army from being resupplied, at least during daylight hours. Despite the difficulty of pushing the Federals past the DelMarVa neck, Gordon’s army would have to reach a port – or the Royal Navy would have to reassert control of the Atlantic – or the winter would be a very hard one for the troops of the Empire.
Despite the perils of offering battle to entrenched veterans with a militia army, MacArthur didn’t doubt that he would be pressed to take the offensive. Elections were coming up in less than a month, and though President Hancock was almost certain to win a second term everyone knew a solid victory over the forces of the Empire would help his chances. Then too there was the matter of national pride: the United States had been invaded, and none of its citizens and soldiers were inclined to passively stand by and wait for the enemy to go home again. When that offensive did begin – a subject his corps commanders had gathered to discuss – MacArthur did not doubt that Gordon’s army would fight hard, at least as long as its ‘bullets and beans’ lasted. He knew his own men would fight hard; it was the quality of their effort that concerned him.
He sighed to himself and scanned the table, meeting the eyes of the five men seated there with a calm and level look. To his right was Major General Daniel Harvey Hill, famed commander of North Carolina troops during the Civil War and a favorite commander of General George Thomas. Hill had lately served as President of the University of Georgia, and was white-haired, fat and wheezing. At sixty-six, he was the oldest man in the room and, despite his difficulties in mounting a horse, had so far proven an able administrator and instructor for his men. MacArthur did not doubt the old man’s desire to fight but he wondered about his ability to stand up to the physical strain of battle.
To Hill’s right was Major General James H Wilson, aged fifty, a favorite commander of Grant and Sheridan during the Civil War and a man of whom much was expected now. He was tall, wide-shouldered and still lean, with a dapper VanDyke beard streaked with gray and white. His present rank was only a brevet; Wilson had finished the Civil War and retired as a colonel. After the war he had built and supervised the railroads that ran down to the beach resort towns now occupied by British forces. Although his officers and men seemed to like him well enough, MacArthur had no feeling that Wilson’s corps had formed any definite personality.
Across the table from Wilson was Major General Emory Upton, at age forty-eight the youngest general present save for MacArthur himself. Another breveted Civil War veteran, Upton had gained fame and early promotion for skill and dash in leading troops in that war. Since that time he had labored at staff work in the War Department, with a short stint commanding a division in Puerto Rico during the Spanish War. The performance of that army had not been strong, which MacArthur suspected was mostly due to the quality of its commander, General Shafter. In any event the Puerto Rico campaign had given Upton recent experience in the field, if little credit for it.
On Upton’s right was the tall, gaunt and gray-haired figure of Lieutenant General Thomas Jackson. Given the man’s reputation as a stellar commander of Confederate troops who had later turned to the ministry, MacArthur had expected to regret his presence. He had little objection, personal or professional, to former officers of the Confederacy; the war had been over for twenty years, after all. MacArthur’s half-formed bias against Jackson had stemmed from bad past experiences with officers who were devoutly religious. But Jackson had been quiet and polite, though very reserved, and so far at least seemed to have settled into his command without incident. He was sensitive about his mangled left hand and usually kept it tucked into a pocket or covered with a padded glove. Chatter from his staff showed he had retained his old love of citrus fruit, stuffing the pockets of his uniform coat with lemons and oranges. His officers’ opinions of Jackson as a commander differed widely and according to whether ‘Old Tom’ had approved of the performance of their men, or not. For good work a man might get a nod from Jackson or simply be ignored, but for carelessness with drill or gear, or breach of Army regulations, a malefactor would be sorry he had ever been born. MacArthur had been careful to give Jackson two divisions of troops from the old south, one from Alabama and the other from his native Virginia. Those men loved him; the soldiers of the divisions from Ohio and Kentucky were less kind. There was no doubt he had driven his men hard and disciplined them severely, but there was also no evidence that he had been anything but consistent and fair. Next to DH Hill, Jackson was the oldest man at the table, though he carried himself like a much younger man.
On Jackson’s right and MacArthur’s left was Major Genral Patrick Cleburne. At age fifty-nine Cleburne was almost at the mid-point of the group in so far as age, though with his slim figure and full head of jet-black hair he looked two decades younger. Cleburne had served with distinction in the western armies of the Confederacy, winning praise for his pounding attacks at Belmont and for his dogged defense of Nashville. Born in Ireland, Cleburne still had a trace of his homeland’s accent, but his manner and bearing were purely military. After the war, he had briefly served in the army of Mexico, and on his return found new prosperity as a planter and investor in Memphis. From what he had seen so far, MacArthur was well-pleased with Cleburne’s troops, and particularly pleased that Cleburne, like Jackson, referred few matters to the attention of army headquarters.
Arrayed at the foot of the table and seated on chairs along the walls were the staff officers of his headquarters and of the various corps, but it was the five corps leaders whose hearts and souls he needed to weigh.They were a mixed lot to be sure, and none of them had what MacArthur would have called solid combat experience, at least not recently. And though the jobs of leading and training men had not changed in the decades since the Civil War, the equipment of the fighting soldier had. Bolt-action repeating rifles had taken the place of muzzle-loading single-shot rifle-muskets; steel, breech-loading artillery could drop rounds at ranges unimaginable in 1865, machine guns had become lighter, more portable and more common. Infantry tactics had been forced to change to open order since mere flesh and blood could otherwise press forward against the steel storm of modern weaponry only at enormous cost. If one of these old soldiers launched an old-style, close-interval bayonet attack, the butcher’s bill would cause a national outcry, might even open the army to disaster. After all, these troops were reservists, not regulars, and the cohesion of such units must always be a concern. Morale would drop about as low after a bloody victory as it would a defeat.
Still, something had to be done; the British army encamped on the Chesapeake shore was an affront to American pride and prestige as well as a potential threat to American cities. Now, it was time to unveil what course that something would take. MacArthur tapped on the table with the glass marble he had found in Madrid and carried in his pocket as a lucky piece ever since. Instantly the chatter fell off. “Thank you gentlemen for being here today.” They had their orders and their duty, and could have stayed away only under extraordinary circumstances, but it never hurt to be polite. “As you know, the War Depatment has left to my discretion the question of whether to contain the enemy or to make an attempt to repel him. After careful consideration, I believe we must hazard an attack.” Several who had not known they were holding their breaths now let the air out with a soft whoosh. “I have examined the plans submitted, and have determined upon a proposal that I believe suits our needs. This will entail bringing our artillery forward on the railroad to Berrytown and making a concentration of our forces on the eastern side of the front. After a sufficient artillery preparation, an assault will be made by the corps of Generals Upton and Hill, along the line of the Atlantic railroad. General Cleburne’s men will make a demonstration on the Greensborough-Whiteleysburg road. General Wilson’s corps will remain in reserve along with the Sixth California and the Third Arkansas divisions. General Jackson, you will take the right flank of the army and attempt to move forward on Hillsborough and Williamsburg, if that position is not too far exposed. The enemy are believed to be strongly entrenched there behind the Choptank River. Your movement there should fix their attention, and you should entrench your position accordingly. You are also to make a demonstration, but on no account do I wish for you to attempt a crossing of the Choptank against a fortified position.” While he spoke, MacArthur traced lines and points on the map, looking up at each man to make sure he understood. When he glanced aside at Jackson, he saw the old man leaning forward intently, and his eyes… MacArthur felt a preternatural thrill, as if he were looking straight into the eyes of an arctic wolf. They were suddenly brilliantly blue, pale blue as a gas flame, and they seemed to flicker… and then, when Jackson heard that action was not necessary on his part, the light went out. Mouth pursed, he bowed his head and leaned carefully back into his chair.
On the surface it was a sound enough plan, though it did mean hitting the enemy where he most expected it: along the line of the railroad from Dover to Salisbury. MacArthur knew the volunteers would not be able to press a determined attack against a well-prepared and entrenched enemy, but he had hopes that the artillery barrage and heavy weight of his push would shove the enemy backward without costing his men too many casualties. The distracting element of Jackson and Cleburne would, MacArthur hoped, pull men from the main front and disperse the enemy reserves. And if Gordon’s line should crack, or if an opportunity to turn the enemy left should arise, he would have Wilson’s fresh troops on hand. MacArthur toyed briefly with replacing the aged and ailing Hill with the more energetic Cleburne, but decided against it. He would be present at the key position in person, and could supervise the old warrior if needed. Yes, he had decided wisely – with green troops and super-annuated commanders, it would be best to keep the methods simple and the reins firmly in his own hands.
The movement forward to battle would be challenging enough. Upton’s men were presently encamped around Dover, Delaware, with the remaining corps stacked along the railroads to the north. Few of these troops had ever marched twenty miles a day on campaign, and given that they were volunteers, many were middle-aged and not in peak physical condition. Frequent stops for rest would be necessary and straggling would be a problem, but his staff had allowed extra time for the march to the front. “Orders will be ready for you at the close of our meeting today. I would like to set Saturday, the first of October, for our move forward into line.”
There were questions – there were always questions – but no-one challenged the basic premises of the plan. Jackson seemed uncomfortable and uneasy, but MacArthur decided to ignore him. If the plan was not to the old rebel’s liking then he could say so, but MacArthur was not going to encourage him.