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Chapter 32 – The First World War (1671-1674)
A Stroll Through France
The Army of Brabant mustering for the march on Troyes, spring 1673
1673 – the third and final year of the war. After the distractions in the Germanies, the United Provinces controlled the roads south through Liege and Hainault. Wintering in Breda, Stadtholder Schouten spent the time drilling his men, forging them into a professional fighting force. General van der Aa had demonstrated the effectiveness of light artillery on the battlefield during the Iberian Campaign, so the artillery division was reorganized with lighter, faster guns for fire support. With all preparations made, the Army of Brabant set out with 30,000 men. The separate columns converged towards the city of Troyes, where the British army waited.
While on paper the defending British looked to be on equal terms with the approaching Dutch, in reality they were in no shape to fight a major battle. The army’s commander, Viscount Frederick William of Bereford, had been cut off from Great Britain for two years. His funds for maintaining the Bourgogne Army dwindled away, until he was forced to pay the soldiers’ salaries from his own pocket. Even then, unrest and mutiny smoldered in his ranks, as soldiers complained of poor pay and inactivity. Over the winter of ’72 Bereford put down two major mutinies within the Scottish regiments, hampering his efforts to fortify Troyes before spring.
The Battle of Troyes was a brief and one-sided affair, as the attacking Dutch quickly overwhelmed Bereford’s army. Demoralized before the battle even began, Bereford’s troops made an attempt to counterattack and catch the Dutch off guard, only to be slaughtered by grapeshot from the enemy’s field artillery. Bereford saw no alternative but to abandon the town, and fell back with his bloodied troops to the south. However, Schouten had left his heavy siege artillery behind in Breda rather than have it slow down his march, so he was unable to break through the walls of Troyes. Leaving behind a covering force, he gave chase after the British.
The summer was a time of chaos for the British army, as it fled further south down the Bourgogne Corridor. Every attempt to halt the Dutch ended in failure, as rear-guards were crushed and blocking units outflanked. Much of Bereford’s French troops simply deserted, returning to their homes rather than die needlessly on the battlefield. Only the British and Irish regiments remained, stuck in an increasingly hostile countryside with no way home across the Channel. By July the British reached the end of the line – Clermont, the end of the Corridor. Only 7,000 men remained of the 24 regiments that had defended Troyes.
Laying waste to the Bourgogne Corridor
The British weren’t beaten yet. To the west was Bourbon, the estates of the crown prince of Castille. France’s belligerence towards the British prevented Crown Prince Enrique from joining his father in the defense of Iberia, but now he had an opportunity to strike a blow for his kingdom. With his personal guard he struck at the exposed flank of the advancing Army of Brabant, surprising a Flemish cavalry detachment outside Bourges. Pushing onwards, the Bourbons managed to capture the garrison besieging Nevers, cutting the main north-south road.
Facing imminent attack at Clermont, Bereford decided to link up with Enrique and make a stand at Nevers. The viscount snuck his remaining troops through the Dutch lines and managed to reach the Bourbons in late August. When Schouten discovered that the British were now behind him, he turned back with the core of his army to deal with the threat. The two sides fought for a final time at Langeron on September 9, a dozen miles outside of Nevers. While the British and Bourbons put up a spirited defense, they were exhausted from months of fighting and low on supplies. By the end of the day Bereford and Prince Enrique surrendered to Schouten’s forces.
Europe Unbalanced
After the victory at Langeron, more good news arrived from the Peninsula. In early October General van der Aa managed to force the Roncevaux Pass in Navarre, marching his army into Gascony before the Pyrenees were closed by winter snows. With their ancient adversaries teetering on the brink, France decided to declare war on October 26, leaving the British-Castilian army in Bordeaux facing attack from all directions. By the end of November all of Britain’s Continental possessions were in the hands of the Dutch and French.
Peace negotiations in Calais
Despite the fact that their armies still fought across the globe, Britain and Castile were defeated. Great Britain was blockaded, Madrid and San Diego were in Dutch hands, and Crown Prince Enrique was a hostage of the Stadtholder. So in early January 1674, the four parties came together in Dutch-held Calais to settle the matter. The Treaty of Calais made minor changes to Europe – the Netherlands gained control of Calais, while Portugal was given Galicia – but the real impact was on North America. Castile paid dearly for her defeats, losing southern Texas, Central America and much of their territories east of the Mississippi. They no longer had any ports on the Pacific Ocean, ensuring that the Dutch and Portuguese colonies would have a monopoly on trans-Pacific trade with Asia.
The Netherlands and Portugal emerged victorious from their fight with Britain and Castile, but the First World War was only beginning. In Asia, the Manchus were threatening Hong Kong with attack, while in the Americas colonists began to resent being used as pawns for European kings. The Tsar of Muscovy looked westward for new conquests, while central Europe threatened to tear asunder in new fighting. A time of revolutions was at hand, as the world moved towards the 18th Century.
End of Part VI