Chapter 16:
The Life and Times of Duke Gauzbert II of Aquitaine Part 1, 940-950 AD
Defiance of the Dukes
My name is Gervase Hilaire-I am a humble writer from a famous family of scribes. My great grandfather was the great Lucian Hilaire, the man who chronicled the life and times of Charles the Great himself. My father served as chronicler for no less than six Popes in Rome. It has been my task to present myself to the Dukes of Aquitaine, first coming to the attention of Duke Aldebert and now faithfully serving his son, Gauzbert, second of that name who, like his predecessors, was blessed-or cursed-with a long life.
Hard at work-this is my lot!
I had passed but eight and ten summers that fateful night when his grace, Aldebert, presented me to his son and instructed me to be a faithful accounter and chronicler of his life. The young Duke, then only twenty and one certainly took his father’s instructions to heart. I was to virtually never leave his side in the long years that followed, observing his every move, eating at his table, observing his councils, great and small and sleeping on a pallet at the foot of his bed. The only times I was not his ever present companion was when he demanded the marriage debt from his wives. They even called me
l’ombre for such I was and where my lord went so did I, much to my long suffering wife’s despair.
‘It is service woman!’ I had snapped once, at my wits end at her constant moaning, ‘and none is more fitting-besides it puts food on the table so cease your grinching!’
But what did I make of my Lord? That freezing January in the year of our Lord 940 found him not wanting: he was a lord well suited to whispers in the shadows, like several of his forebears-more attuned to rumour and secrecy than the brouhaha of the tourney or the savagery of war. Not once, during the many years that I served him, did he strap on his great long sword, don his fish-scale armour and lead his levies to war. Some said he was craven but his pronouncement to me one day was simple enough: ‘let my commanders make war for they are well suited to it! I will be ever their guiding hand and perform the deeds that I do best!’
As slippery as an eel...
No one argued for how could they? He was the pre-eminent lord in the realm and even at just twenty-one a force to be reckoned with thanks to his father, holding as he did the titles of not one but three Duchies. It was said that the royal council, holding sway over the infant king and his mother in Paris looked west with jaundiced eye and liked not my lord’s prestige and influence.
The first task at hand was to confirm places in the new Ducal Council as some of those that had served him as Count were not up to the jobs that encompassed many Counties rather than one. Luckily for him those who had served his father were content to so serve the son and so persuaded to stay on as Chancellor was Yves de Bordeaux, lowborn but steeped in the ways of diplomacy and well versed in the machinery of state. Also lowborn was Adalbert de Bonaguil, the new Master of Secrets and High Almoner, a skilled and effective agent and the son of the old Duke’s Spymaster. The new Lord Marshal and Master of the Horse was to be the warlike Count Wulgrin of Angoulême-a man who had served the previous Duke loyally as one of his premier generals. Bishop Sigismond of Charroux had been the Court Chaplain but was now assigned to the post of Steward and despatched immediately to collect tithes in all the Ducal counties-the treasury was full but my lord would fain have it fuller in keeping with his avaricious nature. The new Ducal Chaplain was to be the scholarly Bishop Hildebert of St Jean-d’Angély. These were learned and respected men who esteemed their new lord well enough-and well they might for their fortunes were now in lock-step to his own. His elder brother, that grizzled paladin, Nicolas de Poitou was confirmed as a Commander of Aquitaine and also Gauzbert’s heir-a position he was well pleased with.
That first Council meeting was an opportunity for our Duke to get the measure of the men with whom he was entrusting the running of his vasty demesne:
‘My lord of Angouleme-you will be my trusty sword and shield-your first undertaking to raise up a host and chase the invading Saracen from our lands.’
‘It shall be done
mon duc-by Christ on his cross it shall be done!’ The warrior Marshal had growled passionately. He was known already as a fearsome soldier, infused with martial valour and a religious fervour that some said bordered on madness. No matter he was the right man in the right place at the right time.
‘And what of the succession your Grace?’ This from Adalbert-he was fretting already about plots in many places and though the lords of the three Duchies were, for the moment, content with Nicolas de Poitou as heir it had escaped no one’s attention that he was much older than Gauzbert.
The emollient Bishop Hildebert added solicitously, ‘indeed-how fares your lady wife, the Duchess, my lord?’
It was a sore topic for though that proud woman had borne my master two fair twin daughters it was a scant secret that she too, like our lord’s sister Melisande, preferred the company of women and being with the Duke most hours of the day I knew that his visits to collect the marriage debt were few and far between. There was no love lost between the two and despite her obvious comeliness she was secretive and contrary and had shown with her seduction of many a gentleman’s lady that she was also grasping and full of envy.
She likes not my manhood <sob!>
‘My lady Petronilla fares most well my lord bishop,’ the Duke had shot back icily, ‘I will make sure that she is apprised of your concern.’ A short pause and then: ‘and mayhap your Grace you will be most meet to hie you up to Léon to spread the word to the uncultured Bretons there-what think you?’
The good bishop could not, of course, refuse and with that rejoinder the main affairs of that first Great Council were brought to a swift conclusion. The lesson for all was that you played games with our lord at your peril for he would always have the last word-always.
During that long, hot summer we travelled with the Duke as he went on a tour of all his lands…once Wulgrin had driven two infidel armies far to the east. With the immediate danger removed it was left to Count Ximeno of Bordeaux, Count Onfroy of Thouars and Nicolas de Poitou to run them to ground in Auxerre. They were engaged finally in November at the battle of Pontigny where fifteen hundred fanatics-how else explain their continued presence far in god-fearing Christian territory-met our two thousand in battle. They sold themselves dear accounting for over six hundred of our number before retreating from the field with barely the same number of their own remaining. Strange rumours reached us of their centre and right battles being manned entirely-with Bulgarian Mercenaries. What devilry my lord had exclaimed on reading the various missives that recounted these happenings. Yet mayhap it was God’s judgement on these routiers that it was their flanks that collapsed first.
Get thee gone infidel scum!
In the meantime we continued along our way, travelling first south to hot and arid Bordeaux with its vineyards without measure, crossing the mighty Dordogne to the east and north into Angoulême and Perigord, keeping the great forests and hills of La Marche to our east. North we went as the days lengthened, through Lusignan and the Ducal demesne of Poitiers finally turning due north west and to the welcome and cooling sea breezes as we finally approached the coast on the west side of Thouars. We tarried awhile there-at the welcome of Count Onfroy’s good lady-a bustling and friendly woman. In September we turned north, crossing the imposing Loire into Bretagne where our reception was, like the climate, noticeably cooler: no adoring crowds here come to cheer their Duke-mainly sullen faces and blank stares but if it worried my lord it showed not a whit, though I did notice his personal guard rode much closer to him and all wore the permanent frown of those who were expecting something bad to happen at any moment.
We did not tarry long in those inhospitable lands and it made me wonder at those Frankish and Occitan Lords that had been tasked with subjugating those fractious peoples. With their families and with Frankish might they had set to the task and it is a measure, I suppose, of their effectiveness that since that fateful day when my own lords forebear Ramnulf II had taken Nantes there had not been one single revolt in any of our newly acquired Breton lands.
‘They fear Frankish wrath more than they love their desire for freedom’ the Duke had opined one starry night as we finally made our way south to Saintes, huddled round a fire as we all were, for it was October now and though the days were still pleasantly warm, the nights had a bite that presaged the coming change of seasons.
‘True my lord but mayhap it is not the peasants that you should be afeared of…’ the Captain of his personal guard muttered, ‘I have heard that there are those closer to home who would wrest the Duchy of Bretagne from you…’
‘I have heard so too Tancred,’ my lord responded smoothly, ‘and that is the reason that my Master of Spies, Adalbert de Bonaguil is in such constant employ!’ He guffawed at his own levity and we had to, perforce, also laugh uproariously at this half jest and as we excused ourselves and made to our billets I caught a look on the duke’s face that bespoke a rather more serious aspect to all this: Bretagne and the lords scheming to take it were to be a constant thorn in his side throughout his long life.
It was late October when we finally saw, again, the magnificent walled city of Saintes and the gleaming castle atop its hill within the town-it was a most welcome sight! We were greeted by the Castellan and the Duke’s Steward, Bishop Hildebert: they looked worried.
‘My Lord Duke-there is a delegation here from the good Burghers of Châtellerault. They caught word of your return.’
Gauzbert, a good rider, was nonetheless shattered by the trip-we had been virtually constantly in the saddle for the best part of five months. I could tell from his countenance that he had not the patience for this.
‘And?’ Was the pointed response.
‘They are here…erm, they feel the city taxes are too high my lord-‘
‘I presume you jest my lord bishop, disturbing me on my return with such arrant nonsense. You are my Steward- now unless you want a treasury much less well stocked you had best send them packing-such insolence as this is not to be countenanced! Away sir-do not trouble me again with such matters if you value your employ!
And that was that. The Castellan: a burly, ageing man, had altogether more amenable matters that needed but the nod of my master: a man who claimed to be a lord had come to the castle these last few days. Should he be turfed out?
‘No Sigbert let him stay-tell him that he has pricked my better nature.’
You see-I do have a heart!
And with that we were finally home-my lord entering within and calling for his twin daughters…and a bath!
The next year was particularly uneventful save for our Duke agreeing that his brother Nicolas could remarry-nay he would find his heir a good match, Gauzbert had promised. And in the spring the last Muslims were finally expelled-Ximeno had pursued them all the way to Arras in the low countries.
The year of our lord 942 AD found yet another Pope enthroned-this one, Annichus II was no more interested in uniting his Christian flock against the Saracen defiler than his predecessor it would seem-most unseemly the Duke had opined-and yet he was in no position to act, not whilst he was merely a Duke. But mayhap there would be opportunity to change that he had said in close compact, one afternoon in his solar with the recently returned Chancellor, Yves de Bordeaux. When together these two were thick as thieves…
‘I have heard, My Lord that Toulouse may well be pushing to force our infant king into accepting an elective system for choosing the Kings of Aquitaine…’
‘Really? Tell me more Yves.’
‘Yes I have some contacts in the Toulouse court who attest to that-he has some minor lords in his sway already-if you were to come on board…’
‘Jesu!’ Gauzbert exclaimed-but we would need to be strong-he would surely be able to call on all his Karling kin for succour.’ I could see the Duke turning it all over and over in his mind’s eye, ‘sound them out Yves and in the meantime let’s test the mettle of this Regency Council shall we? Yes…I think that mayhap later in the year I will request a pegging back of the royal privileges that were afforded to his great grandfather-let us see how they respond eh?’
Yves de Bonaguil appraised his Lord with wonder and no little awe, ‘oh expertly done
mon duc-this will either let you know that they feel they can stand against you and if not you will, at last have the wherewithal to force Agen back into our demesne! I like this plan!’
The Duke, looking pleased with himself, clapped his Chancellor on the back and called for spiced wine for we were still in the early days of spring and there was some snow round about. For my part I could only wonder too at the brazenness of a lord who was yet set on a course to defy his king.
‘And in the meantime, Yves, I must perforce find my ageing brother a new bride-it seems he has not been content to settle for a maid from Hispania who became Queen, has his heart set on an Occitan beauty-like my wife-hah!’
Clearly you are a sucker for punishment brother!
It was clear from his countenance that the Chancellor was unsure whether to join in this seeming japery for all knew relations between our lord and his lady were difficult to say the least. He opted for carefully placed sympathy: ‘Indeed your Grace but it must be hard indeed to be in permanent exile from his own children-the princes and princesses-nay hostages of the Kingdom of Galicia…’
At this Gauzbert’s demeanour changed-the jesting gone, ‘true true Yves-he has been a most loyal brother, uncomplaining of his lot-come let us consider who we can match him up with so that he can get more heirs and this time Frankish ones.’
And so they went on-it was a most close alliance, some would say even friendship between these two: the highborn lord and his lowborn Chancellor and though, in this case, they were concerned with the Duke’s brother and his heirs it was the Duchess who was the subject of such talk when it was announced, in March, that she was with child.
Please God grant me a son!
‘Finally I may have a son!’ The Duke had exclaimed to me, his eyes shining fervently on hearing the news but it was not to be as in October, once more, a daughter was born to the disappointed couple. My lord was not interested in the naming, such was his ill humour-she was named Solène, after Petronilla’s great grandmother.
Whether the two matters were related I know not but it was not long after this that the Duke announced that, having been injured in the tiltyard, practicing at matters of war he would no more take up his sword and armour. There were whispers all around the Ducal court that their lord was craven and whilst if I ever heard servants or scullions say it I would admonish them roundly I could not but wonder…
I am a lover not a fighter...honest
As November arrived with its usual chill and gloom the Duke answered these whispers with an audacious letter addressed to the Royal Council. As his official chronicler it had fallen to me to audit the letter to see it was written suitably prior to its despatch. It read as thus:
To the Royal Council and Guardians of our Liege Charles IV
November 7 the year of our lord 942
For too long have we, your barons, laboured under a burdensome yoke; that of royal prerogatives and authorities willingly given in the past and dispensed with fairly and justly by our present King’s forebears.
We take issue now however with those self-same prerogatives being exercised on behalf of our infant king by men of no great standing and lowborn history.
These prerogatives include being at liberty to pursue our own territorial wars and battles without censure or hindrance from the crown but there are many more that our lawyers shall make available to you presently.
As the pre-eminent Lord of the realm I Gauzbert II, Duke of Aquitaine, Poitiers and Bretagne have taken responsibility to now demand back such prerogatives and to exercise them until such time as the King reaches his majority.
As you will see from the undersigned I have amassed considerable support for this proclamation-we do not expect a declination of our proposal, indeed any such would, of necessity, have to be met with armed resistance-we are fully ready to protect our ancient baronial rights.
Your faithful servant always
Gauzbertius II, Dux
It was an ominous declaration of intent by the Duke and his allies-many of the highest born lords in the realm.
‘Let’s test the mettle of this hellspawn mayor, Henri d’Aubusson!’ My lord had declared brashly to a meeting of some of his co-conspirators. The Lord of Toulouse, also called Duke Gauzbert, was, I noted, amongst those pressing for firm action against the ‘Council of upstarts’ as he called them. It escaped no one’s attention that between them the two Gauzbert’s presented a formidable threat to not just Aquitaine as a kingdom but to all of West Francia and it seemed that neither was in the mood to do much compromising.
Toulouse was quite the soldier-dubbed ‘the able’ for his high handed but fair administration of his demesne-on accession to his titles he had tamed the often fractious Occitan lords who were his vassals in a most determined manner. He rarely travelled anywhere without full fish-scale armour and a great clanking broadsword that seemed permanently attached to his side. If my Gauzbert was the brains of this particular outfit then this Occitan one was certainly the muscles!
It was in one of their many clandestine meetings, this one attended also by the Chancellor, that the news arrived hotfoot from Melun, the mud spattered royal emissary was ushered in immediately to the audience room where our Duke sat atop his Ducal throne, resplendent in Crimson velvet and wool tunic and long mantle, his coronet, for once atop his brow. His ally Gauzbert of Toulouse stood to his right, Yves de Bordeaux to the left.
Kneeling low the emissary simply held out a vellum scroll-clearly the response from the Council. A servant fetched it to the Duke who read the couple of lines quickly a smile appearing on his handsome features. A nod of dismissal to the messenger and then a passing of the scroll to Toulouse and De Bordeaux who were somewhat less restrained in their expressions of triumph.
‘Hah! I said that the whoresons would buckle Gauzbert! That milksop Mayor and his “Council” can see the lie of the land. I will away back to my Manors to prepare, for I don’t think that our next proposal will be met with such a lack of backbone. What think you?’
‘Aye my friend but I would that you allow me time enough to strike at Gascogne-I would have my county of Agen returned to my demesne after all these years.’
I was at a loss to work out what this next venture was but I did understand the Duke’s intentions pertinent to Agen. For over a hundred years this County had been lost to Aquitaine and it had been the stated intention of successive Dukes to win it back. The Royal Laws of Authority instituted by Louis II some sixty years previously had expressly forbade his vassals to war on each other but with those laws now in abeyance Aquitaine could once more strike at Gascony.
All was set to preparation during that winter of 942 and throughout 943 with musters called and, troops trained. We all thought that we would launch our armies south in the summer but yet we waited and for what only became clear to me as I was privy to many a Council meet and travelled with my Lord on his trips to Gauzbert of Toulouse’s capital where yet more plotting and planning was effected. It seemed that the next stage of the two Dukes plan of defiance was no less than a demand to change the accession laws of the ancient kingdom of Aquitaine itself to an elective one much as was favoured by our Duke. No one seemed to be in any doubt that such a demand would precipitate war and as such extra preparations were required. Toulouse, as the leader of this faction, had to marshal his own allies and secretly muster his troops. It was a tense and difficult time, my own long-suffering wife seeing hardly sight nor sound of me all year as I remained constantly at my restless Lord’s side.
Our faction is bigger than yours!
Finally as the weather began to turn warmer in 944, presaging the arrival of spring, Aquitaine sent its declaration of war to Duke Sigismond of Gascogne-an act that immediately also drew in Anjou as Sigismond was Duke of that princely territory through his marriage to Adelinde the wise. Our allies Count Alberic of Charolais; our Duchess’s father and Countess Elsebed of Mortain answered the call swelling our army under our Marshal Wulgrin of Angouleme and Ximeno, Count of Bordeaux with Nicolas de Poitou as the other Battle Commander. In answer we were informed that the Angevins were marching to engage us.
A bit more reliable than your daughter thank God...
That April our army set off north and east to hunt down the Angevin power and destroy it. After that it would come south to take on the Gascons. None doubted the mettle of our troops nor the prowess of Wulgrin, now almost completely taken over by his belief that the spirit of our saviour led his every move. It might have been inappropriate in any other setting but all accounts said this made him virtually unbeatable in battle.
We were at repose one evening having just returned from Vespers when, once more, a commotion outside signalled messengers. My Lord was rarely without Yves these days-he was becoming almost as much of a shadow as myself I noted sourly. When they entered there were, unusually, two emissaries. One, judging by his livery, came from our army in the field-the other wore the colours of Toulouse.
‘You sirrah-let us have your news first!’ De Bordeaux had ordered peremptorily addressing Wulgrin’s ambassador. My guess is that what was of greater import was the stern faced messenger from the Duke of Toulouse.
‘My Lord Count Wulgrin sends his greetings, by the grace of God and Jesus Christ, his saviour-‘
‘Cut to the chase man!’ The Chancellor had cut in ‘was it a victory or no?’
Chastened the man gave us the particulars: our army of almost five thousand had tracked then trapped the Angevin one that had been heading south presumably to link up with a similar sized Gascon one massing in Agen. The battle at Cholet, if battle it can be called given they only numbered half ours, resulted in the shattering of that force and the cessation of it as a credible or coherent fighting body.
‘Good enough’ The Duke intoned ‘God has willed us a significant victory-I am confident that Wulgrin will now come south and take the fight to the Gascons-his strategy to take on our enemies piecemeal has been carried out to perfection.’
He then turned to the other man: ‘You sir! What news from my friend of Toulouse?’
This second herald clearly had a message of even greater import for kneeling low he declared in ringing tone: ‘My Lord of Toulouse wishes to bid you prepare, for the fox is loose. He has, this last week, made demand of the King to change the laws of succession for Aquitaine. The Royal Council’s answer has been “let there be war!”’
Gauzbert was visibly shaken by this and stuttered ‘he was supposed to wait..’
The herald responded ‘he could tarry no longer, my lord, for his plotting was discovered. My lord bids warn you that the king has sent a call to aid to his Karling cousins in East Francia, Italy and Middle Francia-all have answered.’
At this Gauzbert paled, ‘so we are at war not only with West Francia but three other kingdoms to boot?’ His hands started to shake as the full import of this began to set in and it was as well that the quick thinking Chancellor ordered the room cleared and steered the Duke to a more private setting.
When there Gauzbert collapsed into a chair, face white with fear. Yves was all purpose, however: ‘your grace, compose yourself-let me recall Wulgrin from the field and send for Bishop Sigismond-our treasury is replete-we must recruit another army, mayhap more than one.’
‘Think you we can win Yves?’ The Duke whispered almost plaintively.
The Chancellor of Aquitaine turned to face his lord, ‘that I cannot say for certes my lord but for that to happen you must be strong for whether you like it or no we are now at war…war with the full might of the Karlings…’
Whatever happened to WAIT?!!!