sabular said:
I think this is all, if I missed any please tell me.
Thanks but all following entries could be improved too:
EVENTNAME258020;Baroque helicopter;;;;;;;;;;
EVENTHIST258020;In 1641 the Polish Royal court was visited by famous Italian scientist Tito Livio Buratini. He was a really brilliant figure: specialist in architecture, mining, physics, mechanics, hydraulics, metrology, engravings... The Italian was warmly welcomed by the King and settled in Poland. It was his initiatives to build in Ujazdow castle (near Warsaw) one of contemporary Europe's biggest observatorie and to construct an extremely complex hydraulic mechanism, to create very precise scales. He also offered to replace all the countless European systems of length measures by one integral metric system. In February 1648 De Nuaire, secretary of Queen Ludwika Maria of Poland, wrote to the famous Parisian astronomer Marino Marsene that in Warsaw Buratini demonstrated 'a model of 4 or 5 foots in length, which with the help of flex placed under the tail, could rise to the air: the flex was moving a spring and a wheel placed inside. This model could rise a cat sitting in it.' Later De Nuaire wrote that the Italian constructed 'a flying ship', which could transport a man. Soon Europe was full of rumours that at the Polish court a 'flying dragoon' was invented, which could transport three men from Warsaw to Constantinople within 12 hours!;;;;;;;;;;
ACTIONNAME258020A;Let's fly;;;;;;;;;;
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EVENTNAME258021;Cheap Money;;;;;;;;;;
EVENTHIST258021;The hard situation in the Kingdom and the endless wars emptied the treasury and in March 1659 the Sejm decided to support the King's initiative regarding the minting of two million zlotys in cheap copper solids worth a third of their original value. New mints were opened in Brest, Kounia (Kaunas), Vilna, Malbork and Ujazdow to provide the state with this inflated money. There, and also in Krakow, Oliwa and Bydgoszcz mints were used for these purposes. Tito Livio Buratini was soon appointed to execute this decision of the Sejm.;;;;;;;;;;
ACTIONNAME258021A;We need money;;;;;;;;;;
ACTIONNAME258021B;We do not want to destroy our economy;;;;;;;;;;
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EVENTNAME258022;30 Polish groszes;;;;;;;;;;
EVENTHIST258022;The difficult financial problems forced the country to search all possible sources to finance the army that was fighting the foes of the Kingdom. Such a possibility was offered by Andrew Tynf, main commissary of the Polish mints. He suggested minting 'zloty' – the coin of 30 groszes denomination, but with 60 percent less silver in it than in ordinary coins. The only compensation was the phrase engraved on them: Dat Pretium Servata Salus Potior Q3 Metallo Est ('The desire to save Fatherland is higher than price of metal'). The Sejm accepted this offer.;;;;;;;;;;
ACTIONNAME258022A;More money for the army;;;;;;;;;;
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EVENTNAME258023;More Cheap Money;;;;;;;;;;
EVENTHIST258023;Buratini executed his task soon, but the 'cheap money' gave quite unexpected result: almost all valuable silver coins in the country's economy were replaced with cheap solids and the treasury was soon empty again. On 23 February 1663 the Senatorial General commission decided to mint more cheap solids (on the sum of 5.250.000 zlotys) to cover the budget deficit. Soon more solids on the sum of 5.818.774 zlotys were ordered for minting in Oliwa and Danzig. The last task was executing by Andrew Georg Horn. It seemed no one thought about the consequences of such monetary policy.;;;;;;;;;;
ACTIONNAME258023A;We have no choice;;;;;;;;;;
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EVENTNAME258024;Corruption?;;;;;;;;;;
EVENTHIST258024;The minting of the cheap coins provoked a real paralysis of the Polish economy. The country was full of cheap inflatory cupper coins and almost no normal silver money. Trade and industry were destroyed. In this situation the creator of cheap '30 groszes' (which became known now after his name – tynf) understood that he could become responsible for his invention and fled to Germany, taking with him four million zlotys, which he underpaid to the state.;;;;;;;;;;
ACTIONNAME258024A;Bastard;;;;;;;;;;
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EVENTNAME258025;Economical crisis;;;;;;;;;;
EVENTHIST258025;The cheap coins provoked a galloping inflation and destroyed the Polish economy. The Sejm was placed now before a dilemma: to close the corrupted mints that were destroying the economy with cheap coins, or to continue minting to fill the always empty treasury. The first option at last offered the possibility to start stabilize the economy, then to reopen them in time, minting normal money.;;;;;;;;;;
ACTIONNAME258025A;Close the mints;;;;;;;;;;
ACTIONNAME258025B;We need more money;;;;;;;;;;
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EVENTNAME258026;Buratini's affair;;;;;;;;;;
EVENTHIST258026;Instead of revising its economical policy the Sejm accused Buratini of corruption, stating that he had minted solids not on the sum of two millions zlotys but twice that, and taken this money for himself, making him responsible for the economical crisis. In response Buratini answered with the counter-claim that he and his creditors received less than the one and a half million zlotys which had been promised. The lawsuit promised to be a long one.;;;;;;;;;;
ACTIONNAME258026A;Take him to the court;;;;;;;;;;
ACTIONNAME258026B;He is not guilty in our faults;;;;;;;;;;
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EVENTNAME258027;The court's verdict on Buratini;;;;;;;;;;
EVENTHIST258027;The process against Buratini continued for half a century, and was not even finished when he died in 1682. In 1711 his son applied to the court with a request to pay him as successor the entire sum the state had promised his father. In result Buratini was paid a part of the state's debt and the court's verdict was 'Not guilty'.;;;;;;;;;;
ACTIONNAME258027A;So, who is responsible then;;;;;;;;;;
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EVENTNAME258028;Vladislavian army reforms;;;;;;;;;;
EVENTHIST258028;While Sigmundus III Vasa was a complete dilettante in matters of warfare, his eldest son Vladislav IV Vasa proved to be a man of great military skills. Carefully educated, he distinguished himself during the war with the Ottoman Empire in 1620-21. Then he traveled to the Western Europe where he met some of Europe's famous commanders, including Spinola. After ascending onto Polish throne, Vladislav conducted many far-reaching military reforms. He reequipped artillery and infantry, increasing their firepower and Westernizing their drill and logistics. His new Polish army soon proved it effectiveness. It completely defeated the Russians in an excellent campaign during the Smolensk War (1633-4), made the Turks abandon their invasion plans (1634) and forced the Swedes to sign new, favorable truce (1635). Vladislavian army reforms prolonged Polish military supremacy in Central and Eastern Europe for 20 additional years.;;;;;;;;;;
ACTIONNAME258028A;Excellent!;;;;;;;;;;
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EVENTNAME258029;Poland gains Lithuanian leaders;;;;;;;;;;
ACTIONNAME258029A;Great;;;;;;;;;;
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EVENTNAME258032;Reversed Fate of Prussia;;;;;;;;;;
EVENTHIST258032;In the Treaty of Cracov it was agreed that only the Prussian branch of the Hohenzollern family could inherit the Duchy. Due to the Polish involvment in the Russian civil war and the war with Sweden, on the 5th of may 1611 the Sejm decided that other dynasties were allowed to inherit Prussia after the Prussian branch expires.;;;;;;;;;;
ACTIONNAME258032A;Allow them to inherit;;;;;;;;;;
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EVENTNAME258033;Death of Albrecht Friedrich;;;;;;;;;;
EVENTHIST258033;After years of illness the last Duke of Prussia from the Hohenzollern-Ansbach line, Albrecht Friedrich, died. According to the Treaty of Cracov from 1525, after the Prussian branch of the Hohenzollern family, the lands of the Duchy of Prussia were to be incorporated into Poland. However this was changed with the decision of the Polish Sejm on the 5th of may 1611. Polish prince Wladyslaw Waza was therefore allowed to inherit the Duchy.;;;;;;;;;;
ACTIONNAME258033A;Great!;;;;;;;;;;
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EVENTNAME258034;Albrecht Hohenzollern defies Poland;;;;;;;;;;
EVENTHIST258034;After Thirteen Years War, Teutonic Order lost Eastern Pomerania with Gdansk (Danzig), so-called Royal Prussia with former capital of Teutonic Order Malbork (Marienburg) and became vassal of Polish crown. However some Grandmasters tried to revise terms of peace treaty, also by military confrontation with Poland. Grandmaster Albrecht Hohenzollern declared war against Poland in 1519. In 1521 four year amistice between Poland and Teutonic Order has been signed. In 1525 during the religious turmoil of the Reformation one of the early converters to the new religion was Albrecht of Hohenzollern. Inspired by Luther he also decides to secularize the Prussia into a protestant duchy. Now Emperor, German princes and Pope are furious with Albrecht Hohenzollern who still defies our rule. In this situation we may safely proceed to reclaim lands of the former Teutonic Order.;;;;;;;;;;
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EVENTNAME258035;New Capital;;;;;;;;;;
EVENTHIST258035;After won Polish election, Wladyslaw Waza decided to move capital to the Warszawa.;;;;;;;;;;
ACTIONNAME258035A;Great!;;;;;;;;;;
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EVENTNAME258036;First printing press in Kraków;;;;;;;;;;
EVENTHIST258036;The first printing press in Poland has been established in Kraków in 1473 or 1474. In the same time first paper mills came into beeing. Although first tests in Polish language (short prayers) have been published in Wroclaw (Vratislavia), first book in Polish language, 'Raj duszy' by Biernat from Lublin, was printed in Kraków in 1513. Also first books in cyrillic, ordinals in Old Church Slavonic language were printed in Kraków in 1494.;;;;;;;;;;
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EVENTNAME258037;Piotr Tomicki the Royal Chancellor;;;;;;;;;;
EVENTHIST258037;Piotr Tomicki, educated at Kraków and Bologne universities, lawyer and humanist, succesively bishop of Przemysl, Poznan and Kraków, was Royal Chancellor responsible for foreign affairs in years 1515-1535. Among many successes of Polish diplomacy during that time was vassalization of Prussia in 1526, stabilization of relations with Moldavia and permanent treaty of peace and friendship with Ottoman Empire in 1533. This treaty was signed three years before similar treaty between Ottoman Empire and France, which is usually considered as turn point of European relations with Ottoman Empire.;;;;;;;;;;
ACTIONNAME258037A;Great;;;;;;;;;;
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EVENTNAME258038;Russian provinces defect to us;;;;;;;;;;
EVENTHIST258038;Once the grand duke of Lithuania became russian tsar, the nobility from Suzdal and Muscovy quickly gained prominence and rose to high governmental ranks. Lithuanian and south russian nobles were very upset as these muscovite nobles were their former sworn enemies. Soon, the eastern provinces were in revolt and asked the king of Poland for protection, who gladly accepted. The tsar, preparing his expansion into tatar lands and not wishing to be distracted by a civil war and a war on Poland, decided to do nothing about their treason.;;;;;;;;;;
ACTIONNAME258038A;Welcome our new subjects;;;;;;;;;;
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EVENTNAME258039;Civil war in Russia;;;;;;;;;;
EVENTHIST258039;Once the grand duke of Lithuania became russian tsar, the nobility from Suzdal and Muscovy quickly gained prominence and rose to high governmental ranks. Lithuanian and south russian nobles were very upset as these muscovite nobles were their former sworn enemies. Soon, the eastern provinces were in revolt and asked the king of Poland for protection, who gladly accepted. The tsar understandably didn't like it at all, and prepared to gain back his lost territories. So Poland had the choice to hand over the rebellious provinces to the tsar, or to face a war with the newly founded Russian Empire.;;;;;;;;;;
ACTIONNAME258039A;Protect all the rebels in Russia;;;;;;;;;;
ACTIONNAME258039B;Hand over the rebels to the tsar;;;;;;;;;;
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EVENTNAME258040;Economic treatise of the Nicolaus Copernicus;;;;;;;;;;
EVENTHIST258040;Mikolaj Kopernik (Nicolaus Copernicus) was not only astronomer but also mathematician, lawyer, economist and clergyman. In years 1519 -1525 Kopernik worked on the treatise on the minting of money (De ratione cudendae monetae) which was published in 1528. One of his thesis is currently known as Gresham's Law (When there is a legal tender currency, bad money drives good money out of circulation). His other thesis were that depreciation of currency leads to the decline of country, mints should not be treated by rulers as source of income and cheap money does not help poor but introduces dearness.;;;;;;;;;;
ACTIONNAME258040A;Great;;;;;;;;;;
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EVENTNAME258041;Bernard Wapowski, royal cartographer;;;;;;;;;;
EVENTHIST258041;Bernard Wapowski was historian and outstanding Polish cartographer. At the beginning of XVIth century cooperated with cartographer Marco Beneventano in redaction of the map of Central Europe. In 1515 returned to Poland and became king's secretary. His two first maps picturing Eastern Europe were published in 1526. It were probably the first maps correcting Ptolemy's errorneous location of the Black See. Wapowski created also map of Poland and Lithuania, which was widely used by later cartographers and had considerable military significance, e.g. during Livonian wars in second half of XVIth century.;;;;;;;;;;
ACTIONNAME258041A;Great;;;;;;;;;;
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EVENTNAME258042;New currency;;;;;;;;;;
EVENTHIST258042;Justus Ludwik Decjusz (Ludwig Jodok Dietz) was economist, writer, historian, diplomat and secretary of Polish king. Born in Alsace, came to Poland in 1508. In 1528 reformed Polish monetary system and introduced new currency 'zloty' (zloto in Polish means gold). Established new mints and supervised copper mining. Basing on his project monetary union between Poland and Prussia was signed in 1528. Royal envoy to European countries, personally knew Martin Luter and Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam.;;;;;;;;;;
ACTIONNAME258042A;Great;;;;;;;;;;
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EVENTNAME258043;Queen Bona Sforza;;;;;;;;;;
EVENTHIST258043;Bona Sforza married king Zygmunt I and was crowned as Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess of Lithuania on 18 april 1518. Almost from the beginning, using her influence on king and organizing her own political party Bona was expanding her power base. Grown up and educated in Italy, she believed that financial resorces are required to strenghten royal authority and realize political plans and most of her actions led to the increase of the royal income. From Pope Leon X she obtained right to nominate man into a number of lucrative church positions. Was modernizing royal estates, redeeming previously mortgaged estates and in years 1536-1546 took over lucrative custom agencies in Lithuania. At the same time she was fortifying Jagiellon's estates in the south-eastern Poland and supported aggresive policy against Tatars. Very active on the arena of international politics, pursuited decisively anti-Habsburg policy supporting John Zapolya in 1526, acted to decrease influence of Hohenzollerns in Prussia and Silesia. Bona was also corresponding with Roxelana, favorite wife of Ottoman Sultan Suleyman. In later years Bona with her people were actually ruling country. Lithuania won war against Muscovy recovering Homel and Poland defeated Moldavia. Strenghtening of royal power and rule of the elites was obviously not welcomed by nobles.;;;;;;;;;;
ACTIONNAME258043A;She knows best;;;;;;;;;;
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EVENTNAME258044;A Jewish knight;;;;;;;;;;
EVENTHIST258044;On 19 of April 1525 Prussian duke Albrecht kneeled before king Simgundus I and swore his vassalage to him. However, he was not the only person that bowed before the king on that day. A man named Michel Ezofowicz was promoted into the ranks of knighthood in exchange for his faithful services. The only thing that differed this act from thousands of others is that Ezofowicz was a Jew who even kept with the faith of his fathers. This was most likely the only case in European history when a Jew became a knight.;;;;;;;;;;
ACTIONNAME258044;Rise, Sir Michel!;;;;;;;;;;
