Chapter XXV: Morgenröte (I)
After the great victory of the troops led by Hausser and von Blomberg in Lwow, High Command saw a clear opportunity to carry out, once and for all, a reinforced offensive through Ukraine that would isolate almost half of the Red Army both in Romania and in the occupied areas of Bohemia and Austria. To achieve this ambitious goal, it was necessary to concentrate as much mobile units as possible in Lwow, as well as the most advanced units of the Luftwaffe in the nearby Siedlce airport. With such order of battle, the German troops could strike quickly and without compassion, opening a gap in the Soviet front and limiting their ability to fight back or to send reinforcements to the area.
Initial plans for Unternehmen Zitadelle
Operation Citadel had been planned months ago by Von Manstein, who would be granted with full powers to organize the offensive and priority in the supply and acquisition of new material. Besides sending reinforcements to a lot of divisions present in Lwow, Manstein could also introduce the new jewel of the Wehrmacht: the Tiger tank, a seemingly indestructible steel beast, able to resist the fire of the Soviet heavy tanks and provided with a wide maneuverability never seen before. Similarly, the new Panther tanks also began arriving into the province, and while they were not as advanced as the Tiger, OKH was sure that this model would easily defeat the T-34 that the Russians had deployed widely in the eastern front. Infantry troops also received new pieces of artillery and of the Flak -88 cannons, plus a generous quantity of supplies and ammunition to maintain a long and unremitting offensive.
The Panzerkampfwagen Tiger Ausf. E and the Panzerkampfwagen V Panther
On July the 2
nd, a series of coordinated attacks against the provinces that bordered Tarnopol was released as a prologue to the great offensive against the Polish city, trying to divert attention from the main objective of Citadel´s plan. While the first movements were favorable for the Wehrmacht and the Luftwaffe did not find any serious opposition, OKH would end up watching in horror as the Junkers lost one after another air battle in the area, leaving the skies free for the Soviet bombers that started to harass with impunity German soldiers and tanks . On land, the German offensive was answered with an amazing and concentrated artillery barrage by the Russians, who managed to hinder, and in some cases to stop, the advance of the Wehrmacht.
The first stage of Manstein´s plan consisted in a series of diversive attacks
The Soviet successful defense of most of these provinces also meant that very few Red Army divisions were withdrawn from Tarnopol and its vicinities, which put at grave risk the success of Operation Citadel due to the enormous concentration of Soviet units in the zone. However, canceling the offensive at this point could have tragic results, and so Von Manstein gave the order to continue with the pre- established plan and launched the final attack at the dawn of July the 4th. Thus, and while our enemies across the Atlantic celebrated its independence from those who were now his ally , at 6 am the Battle of Tarnopol began, conceived by Manstein as “a beacon that would light the entire world ".
German armored units advancing into Tarnopol
But this battle would not be the one envisioned by the OKH ... as soon as they entered enemy airspace, the German Stukas were intercepted and practically annihilated by Soviet fighters, leaving the way clear for the fearsome Sturmoviks that restlessly bombed the German combatants. Without waiting for the Germans to arrive to the frontlines, and completely surprising the German leaders, Marshal Zhukov decided to strike first and threw all his tanks against the German spearhead, thus starting the biggest armored engagement in history. Although the German tanks were able to demonstrate its superiority and even managed to destroy the KV -1 and T-70 units deployed in the battle, Zhukov 's plan worked and the German tanks had to stop and regroup in order to avoid overextending their lines. More than 3,000 Russian tanks were destroyed or captured, but such sacrifice turned the ongoing battle in a series of melee skirmishes , with very high casualties on both sides in the conflict. When such dark news came to headquarters, OKH decided to issue a general and ordered retreat, trying to prevent that the failed advance on Tarnopol became an unprecedented slaughter. The Battle of Tarnopol meant the closure of Operation Citadel, and caused the loss of over 50,000 German soldiers, 200 tanks and numerous aircraft.
After the failure of Operation Citadel, OKH moved more than 50 divisions to the west
With practically to time for recovery, Marshal Zhukov decided to seize the opportunity to destroy the German Army, and a Soviet counteroffensive began with attacks on the provinces of Przemysl, Torun and Lwow . Such action was clearly aimed at encircling the German Army group recently used in Operation Citadel, but luckily for the Reich many of them still had the strength to fight back and rejected the Soviet attack. Without wasting any time, OKH decided to leave Lwow and relocate to the divisions in the north of Poland, where the Red Army led by Konstantin Rokossovsky tried to capture Warsaw in order to force a breakthrough behind the German lines; almost at the same time, in Przemysl and Torun the German divisions retreated to nearby towns where they would be reinforced and resupplied.
Blomberg defeated the Soviet counter-offensive, thus ensuring the chance to retreat
Some days later, new Soviet divisions reached the Western Front and forced the Wehrmacht to retreat into Salzburg, where new units would be sent to contain the Soviet advance and avoid the capture of the nuclear reactor in Munich or a Red march towards Berlin. But OKH had no illusions: the tide of war was changing, and the Reich was no longer carrying the initiative in this conflict. The Red Giant grew stronger day after day, and Berlin did not seem as distant as Moscow...
Front status, August 1943