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This is not going to be your every day AAR. If you are interested in AARs that involve the player activity participating inside the game then turn back now. I will be playing as the Kingdom of Sardinia, an out of the way island. I will never expand beyond this island. Apart from royal marriages, trade agreements, participating in trade, and other basic necessities, Sardinia will not influence the outside world. Now why will you be interested in reading this AAR? Its In Nomine, 3.2 patch, the nostalgia value alone will be enough to get at least one person interested. There's also the question about what this AAR will be about, which is actually something I think a few people will get interested in. It will be the geo-political change of the world, its politics, its leaders, its religions, and its nations. Since most people who play EU3 do so because of a love for history and forging their own version of it, I think they'll enjoy it. Who knows, I may be completely and utterly wrong. :eek:o

This AAR will have 84 Chapters, one for every 5 years of gameplay, though the 84th chapter will have an extra month.

Each chapter will have a number of parts, these parts will be based on a specific region of the world: The British Isles, France, Iberia, Italy, The Holy Roman Empire/Germany, Scandinavia, the Balkans, Russia, Central Asia, Persia, Middle East, North Africa, India, East Asia, and Southeast Asia. Occasionally different regions will be highlighted, especially during the colonization of the New World.

The chapters themselves will be organized into four different books. The first book is 1400-1500, second 1500-1600, third 1600-1700, and the fourth 1700-1821. Each book will have twenty chapters apart from the fourth, which will have 24.

This is a massive undertaking and will take time, lots of it. There will be a bare minimum of 1260 updates to this AAR before it is 'complete.' I do not believe anything like this has ever been attempted and succeeded. If I succeed it will definitely be boast worthy. :p

---

Lucky Nations
Denmark
Byzantine Empire
Teutonic Order
Austria
France
Aragon
Genoa
Golden Horde
Timurid Empire
Morocco


Notes on House Rules:

-v1.0

--The Kingdom of Sardinia was given a gift from God, unlimited wealth, unparalleled prestige, and the greatest of armies and navies in exchange for chronicling time itself. This translates into cheats, lots of them. Building a navy that can resist a superpower and an army that could resist said superpower's armies will require a lot of cash.

--While Sardinia itself is perpetually neutral, it will enjoy close marital ties and amiable relations with everyone.

--While Sardinia may not interfere with other worldy powers, they can trade with them and vice verse.

--Sardinia may be allowed to create a COT

--Spies may not be used.

--Sardinia will remain Catholic.

--Sardinia will remain a Monarchy.

-v1.1

--Each Chapter will have an overview with a miniature Table of Contents attached to it made at the end of every Chapter.
 
Last edited:
Book One

Chapter One
1400-1405
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Two
1406-1410
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Three
1410-1415
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Four
1416-1420
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Five
1420-1425
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Six
1426-1430
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Seven
1430-1435
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Eight
1436-1440
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia


Chapter Nine
1440-1445
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Ten
1446-1450
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Eleven
1450-1455
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Twelve

1456-1460

The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Thirteen
1460-1465
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Fourteen
1466-1470
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Fifteen
1470-1475
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Sixteen
1476-1480
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Seventeen
1480-1485
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Eighteen
1486-1490
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Nineteen
1490-1495
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Twenty
1496-1500
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia
 
Last edited:
Book Two

Chapter One
1500-1505
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Two
1506-1510
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Three
1510-1515
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Four
1516-1520
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Five
1520-1525
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Six
1526-1530
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Seven
1530-1535
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Eight
1536-1540
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia


Chapter Nine
1540-1545
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Ten
1546-1550
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Eleven
1550-1555
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Twelve

1556-1560

The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Thirteen
1560-1565
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Fourteen
1566-1570
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Fifteen
1570-1575
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Sixteen
1576-1580
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Seventeen
1580-1585
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Eighteen
1586-1590
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Nineteen
1590-1595
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Twenty
1596-1600
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia
 
Last edited:
Book Three

Chapter One
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Two
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Three
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Four
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Five
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Six
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Seven
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Eight
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Nine
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Ten
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Eleven
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Twelve
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Thirteen
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Fourteen
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Fifteen
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Sixteen
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Seventeen
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Eighteen
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Nineteen
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Twenty
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia
 
Last edited:
Book Four

Chapter One
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Two
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Three
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Four
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Five
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Six
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Seven
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Eight
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Nine
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Ten
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Eleven
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Twelve
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Thirteen
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Fourteen
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Fifteen
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Sixteen
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Seventeen
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Eighteen
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Nineteen
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Twenty
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Twenty One
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Twenty Two
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Twenty Three
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia

Chapter Twenty Four
The British Isles
France
Iberia
Italy
The Holy Roman Empire/Germany
Scandinavia
the Balkans
Russia
Central Asia
Persia
Middle East
North Africa
India
East Asia
Southeast Asia
 
Last edited:
Dear gosh this sounds interesting, but I am still confused.

So you will be playing as Sardinia, but you will focus on the politics and intrigue from around the world? sounds interesting.
 
Dear gosh this sounds interesting, but I am still confused.

So you will be playing as Sardinia, but you will focus on the politics and intrigue from around the world? sounds interesting.
I'll be playing as Sardinia, but I won't be going to war (barring events) or getting into alliances (barring events). I will enjoy marital ties as well as good relations to the mainland in order to prevent any possible wars. About the only thing that won't be adding much of anything to the game will be Sardinia.
 
Book One

Chapter One
1400 - 1405

The British Isles

BritishIsles1.png

1400 A.D.

The British Isles were a volatile place at the dawn of the Fifteenth Century. The Kingdom of England remained dominant in the region under King Henry IV. The Kingdom of Scotland located in the northern reaches of Britain were the next in power under King Robert III. These two powers often clashed with one another in both the battlefields of Britain and in the field of politics. On the fourth of January in 1400 A.D. The Kingdom of Scotland tried to negotiate an alliance with the Kingdom of Brittany against the Kingdom of England. Brittany not wishing to get involved with the Scottish-English rivalry rejected Robert's advances. Similar attempts with Burgundy also failed. While it would appear that Robert was trying to build a power base in order to resist England, Robert did one of the most foolish things he could have done. He betrayed France when the large nation was pulled into war. No one truly knows what goes on in Robert's mind as he tries to gain a position of Strength against England. Scotland would eventually manage to convince Burgundy, after repeated hails, to join in an alliance, as would Brittany but not until the end of the year 1404 A.D.

Henry IV is generally regarded by history to be the inferior to Robert in almost every single way, from the art of war to the art of governance. I must disagree, at least with this small window of five year. Henry was no where near as erratic as his Scottish counterpart and was far more decisive. Immediately in the year 1400 A.D. two days prior to Scotland's initial rejection from Brittany, England managed to procure an ally in the form of the Dutch Kingdom known as Brabant. Brabant would become a rather crucial ally to England in the following years. Savoy would also send an ambassador to London to request an alliance, proving that even the powerful Italian kingdoms readily recognize the English. Following this move Henry sent a warning to the Kingdom of Leinster inside Ireland. When a disgruntled noble launched a rebellion against the British throne, plans for expansion were put on hold in order to deal with domestic rebellion.

England would not meet a challenge until the Kingdom of France banned and expelled English merchants along the northern coast. England and France had been at odds for many years, but such a brazen action caused the world to stir. The Kingdom of Aragon, eager to find a way to destabilize the French signed an accord with England. It was around this time when England was forced yet again to face domestic disputes, this time with the Welsch, how have never stopped resenting their annexation into the English Kingdom. Welsh rebels from all over took up arms, but the powerful English army lead by Henry himself was able to defeat the rebels and, at least momentarily, quell any dreams of a restored Wales.

Immediately following this the Irish Kingdom of Connacht insulted King Henry. Henry, unwilling to accept such humiliation from such a minor power immediately sallied forth to launch an invasion of the minor Kingdom in 1403. Connacht itself was no match for England and a small army was able to route their forces and annex the tiny nation. The problem came from the Kingdom of Brittany. Jean IV was a cousin to the Connacht King and pledged to defend the small nation. Now that England had came and ruined this small nation, Brittany was out for revenge. Unfortunately for Brittany, it would not find it. Powerful English armies from southern France marched upward into their territory as the even stronger English navy blockaded the Brenton territories forcing a heavy peace from the nation. It would in fact be this triumph that would lead both Brittany and Burgundy to establish an alliance with the Scottish, though I'm sure Robert III would have you believe that it was due to his charisma and political prowess when, at least in this instance, it is most assuredly not the case.

One of the more interesting byproducts of this invasion would be the abandonment of England by her allies. The Kingdom of Portugal under King John I would use this as an excuse to sever their once profitable alliance. Savoy believed the attack to be petty and refused to come to their aid. The Kingdom of Aragon grew furious at this brazen contradiction of their previous accord, which was against France. Only Brabant would remain a faithful ally before being forced to break off the alliance due to matters concerning the Holy Roman Empire. It is for this reason, and others like it, that Henry IV is commonly assumed to be a political moron that abused his alliances and isolated England. It is here that I disagree as Henry IV would show decisiveness and increase England's prestige and territorial holdings. Further it would be Henry IV who founded these relations in the first place. Further there would be a number of relationships that would be founded under Henry in these five years that would allow for future relations, such as the royal marriage with the Holy Roman Emperor, the Palatine.

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1405 A.D.
 
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Book One

Chapter One
1400 - 1405

France

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1400 A.D.

France was a region of rivals and major powers. The Kingdom of Aragon to the South, the Kingdom of Brittany to the northwest, the Kngdom of Burgundy to the east, and the English lining the coasts. The main power, however, was undisputedly the Kingdom of France. Under King Charles VI the French continued to solidify their control over the region. This control would, at times, be strenuous. The Avignon Papacy have long been proud supporters of the French Kingdom, and the French Kingdom have long been proud benefactors to the Avignon Papacy. In the year 1398 something changed and France turned on the Avignon Papacy. The Papacy remained in power in Avignon for many years later, but Pope Benedictus XIII was given a formal condemnation by Charles personally. This would cause a series of high tension diplomatic exchanges for years to come.

Charles also graciously allowed the Duke of Provence military access through his territory in order to connect his fractured domain. While formally a Napoli client, Charles hoped to push Provence slowly into his own sphere of influence while Naples went about its own business. When the Kingdom of Burgundy announced its support for the Avignon Papacy, Charles abandoned trying to push Provence into his control and set about trying to deal with Burgundy. Charles sent a rather unflattering letter to King Louis-Joseph I of Burgundy questioning his maternal origins and damning him as a heretic and a traitor to the Faith. Louis-Joseph was only prevented from going to war due to the objection of Benedictus. The Kingdom of the Lorraine would make a show of support towards Burgundy and Avignon and would be similarly insulted.

With war not on the immediate horizon, France moved once again to make Provence his own. It would not take long for the first step in this move, Provence allowing French military access in their own soil, to cause tension between the Duke of Provence and the Kingdom of Naples. This tension would come to a head when the Duke of Provence switched allegiances to Charles, signing an alliance in October of 1400. Not even one full month later Charles felt comfortable launching a punitive expedition against the Burgundian heretics. This action would actually lose France's alliance with Scotland, still a proud supporter of the Avignon Papacy, though that would make Scotland's own position in that much more peril. The Kingdom of Brittany as well as the Kingdom of Milan would show a large amount of support to both Burgundy and the Avignon Papacy, both joining the war against France.

The war with Burgundy would be a successful one, but it would use up resources and end almost completely inconclusively. France would ban Brittany merchants from French lands, as well as many others, including the English, which would lead to the Aragonese accord with England against France. After over a year of bitter conflict peace would be bought with a minor French victory in February of 1402. The Valenciennes territory would be transferred to Charles's domain, but apart from that no great were made. Brittany made it out of the war intact, Milan suffered no real damage, and France and Burgundy inflicting heavy casualties against one another. The Avignon Papacy still remains a powerful force in the region and the war amongst the faithful will continue.

Charles, not wishing to hurt his image as a proud Catholic, began sending gifts to various Bishops and Archbishops around Europe. Cologne and Mainz were among the first to receive gifts from Charles. Some, however, began to develop suspicions that Charles had designs on the Holy Roman Emperor's throne! This was something that many would not wish to see happen. In order to protect his image and to assure the world that he had no designs on the Emperor's throne he began attacking many leaders of the Holy Roman Empire for either neutral standing or pro-avignon tendencies. Liege was amongst the first to be attacked for refusing to take a side. In 1403 Charles established a bureaucracy dedicated to protecting France and getting rid of pro-Avignon influence. This caused a rebellion amongst many still relatively pro-Avignon nobles to the far south. The rebellion was quickly put down and Charles enacted a reform to pass a blasphemy act in accordance with Rome.

France would later go to war with Georgia in support of the French Crusader State in Cyprus, though nothing immediate would come from that war. Charles is viewed with mixed feelings from the historic community. Many cite him as a religious fanatic, others state that he abused the Catholic Faith to oppose his immediate rivals in the form of the former Avignon Papacy. Most, however, recognize him as the man who laid the foundation of a strong France. He would establish allies in Provence, Cyprus, and firmly push his own vassal states into his own network of alliances making him among the most powerful in Europe at the time. In my opinion these five years shows Charles to be a great king, but I believe that he has abused his powers of state. For many years before 1398, Charles and the French were fervent supporters of the Avignon Papacy. These five years seem to have moved France's focus regarding the Avignon Papacy in too far a radical direction to remain stable for very long. Something will give and war will start again.

Another point of interest in France would be the British-Brittany war, which started over an Irish Kingdom. This war would actually make England very few friends inside France. Brittany had went to war against France in protection of Burgundy and the Avignon Papacy, as England went to war with Brittany it destroyed its own relations with several states wishing to see France hurt, not helped. The Aragonese Accord vanished into nothingness almost immediately following the war's establishment. Other nations with a vested interest in France such as Savoy were of similar complains. Only Brabant had joined England in the war, and even they were not happy about it and their alliance would end following the conflict's conclusion. As stated previously, France is a region of powerful rivalries. As England's presence builds inside the region it is perhaps even likely that England may become the center for contempt as opposed to France.

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1405 A.D.
 
This is going to be addictive, I can tell.

By the way, you wrote "Kingdom of Leicester inside Ireland" in the first England update. It should be Leinster, I think Leicester(-shire?) is in England proper.
 
Very nice! Interesting concept you have here.
Thank you Wasila!

This is going to be addictive, I can tell.

By the way, you wrote "Kingdom of Leicester inside Ireland" in the first England update. It should be Leinster, I think Leicester(-shire?) is in England proper.
:D

*fixed*
 
Book One

Chapter One
1400 - 1405

Iberia

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1400 A.D.

The Iberian Peninsula is one of the more unique places to be in Europe. Dominated by three major powers, the Kingdoms of Castille, Aragon, and Portugal have a long history of warfare against the Islamic powers to their south. These three powers, virtually on the doorstep of Africa, have ambitions on that land. Apart from these three main powers, there are two minor powers. The Duchy of Navarre is a client state to the Kingdom of Aragon. The Emirate of Granada in turn is a client to Castille. The Kingdom of Castille under Enrique III was without a doubt the more militarily powerful of the kingdoms. Though he had been King of Castille for many years there seems to be some doubt as to his recent change in the year 1400. King Enrique III used the emirate of Granada as a middleman to capture the wealth of the Islamic World for many years. Something changed in the year 1400, it is unknown entirely what caused it. Some suggest that this was simply finishing the reconquista, others believe that he was fighting for faith, though some dare to say that he had a bout with madness, regardless of any of these theories on January 3 Castille invaded the Emirate of Granada.

The Emirate had no preparation for the assault, they had, in fact, been a client state to Castille for over a century. With no reason for the invasion to occur, no justification, they never built an army to resist them. Emir Muhammad VII lead what little forces he could to do battle with the overwhelming power of Castille, and he actually did rather well. For the first few months the Emir had been able to lay siege to various Castillian provinces, but as Spain's main army headed south there was little the emir could do to stop them. The emirate would lose the conflict within two years and be stripped of all her territories apart from the city of Granada itself. Muhammad himself would be so devasted by his defeat and the flagrant betrayal of his once powerful patron, suffered an emotional collapse, dying just seven months later in 1402. His brother, Yusuf III, would rise to take his place as emir. There is, however, little doubt that he will be the last of his kind.

The Kingdom of Castille's actions shocked both Portugal and Aragon, but not enough to actually seriously influence their relations with one another. In fact, just two days after the invasion of Granada the Kingdom of Castille and Portugal married off their daughters to each other's sons in order to solidify the alliance they would later sign in in February of 1401. Enrique III would, in March of 1401 declare a tax on liquor inside Castille through the Liquor act. Enrique was also eager to paint himself a powerful patron of the Pope and would pass the blasphemy act in 1402. Enrique would later go on to claim that Granada was attacked to get rid of the religious heathens from Iberian soil and to finish the reconquista. This is the currently accepted answer for the flagrant betrayal of Granada, but it is one that I do not buy into. All references to this justification occurred as the war was coming to a close. This reasons were not divulged early on in the war casting considerable doubt upon them.

Castille would go on crafting a trade network accepting and declining trade agreements with most of Europe, and would later defeat a minor noble rebellion, but very little else had changed. Portugal under king Joao I (John) would have a less dynamic few years. King John would go on to make marital ties to both Castille and Aragon solidifying their relations in Iberia, as per the official state policy dictated by John. Later on in August 1403 A minor squabble between the clergy and an alchemist reached the highest levels of government ending with John officially giving the monarchy's official opinion on the issue leading to a wave of obscurantism. When England went to war with Brittany this became the perfect instance to sever all ties with the Kingdom. With Castille taking on the role of the major ally, England became too militaristic a partner to maintain, or at least this is what many believe. I feel like pointing out that while England was militaristic, Castille would hardly be any better a choice leading me to conclude that Castille's expansionism was far more convenient than England's as Castille's wars occurred in Portugal's own back yard, not half a continent away. Portugal would also get Aragon to join in an alliance.

The Kingdom of Aragon under King Marti I was in a way more militaristic than Castille. In a short five year window Aragon would forge an alliance with Savoy, Portugal, Lorraine, Navarre, England, and would go to war several times. Marti would use his allies for his own gain, joining them in conflicts when it suited him, such as with Savoy's war with Genoa, and ignoring them when it proved counterproductive such as betraying Lorraine in their war with France, as well as forsaking England when they went to war with one of France's rivals. Marti is generally regarded as a ruthless ruler, and this is something I wholeheartedly agree with. Marti even lead a punitive expedition against Navarre in 1401 after the duchy had refused to ally with their patron, reaffirming their relationship. It is likely that he will become a pivotal player in the politics of Europe in the years to come.

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1405 A.D.
 
Book One

Chapter One
1400 - 1405

Italy

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1400 A.D.

Italy is the place where the Papacy resides, where the merchant republics of Genoa and Venice clash with one another, where the authority of the Holy Roman Emperor dominants the north and where independent states resist in the South. Italy is a dynamic place. Italy has always been a region where empires rise and fall in sheer moments, this has remained true to the region. One of the greatest changes in Italy has been the rise of the Papacy under Pope Bonifacius IX. Bonifacius had been like the previous pope that resided in Rome after the schism of the Papacy into the Avignon and Rome branches, which means a slow and steady decline into decrepitude. At least this is how it began. For over a decade Bonifacius was a Pope who had his support amongst the various lords, but this changed when the Doge of Tuscany switched his support to the Avignon Papacy leading to a wave of hostility towards the Pope in Italy, including a formal letter written to Bonifacius from the Doge that he should resign and end his 'embarrassment' to the church.

Tuscany would not be alone, the Kingdom of Naples and Milan's southern territories proclaimed themselves followers of the Avignon Papacy. The Kingdom of Naples under Ladislao I de Durazzo would go so far as to declare war on the Pope in in January of 1400. While many of the monarchies had switched allegiances, much of the populous was still loyal to Rome and Bonifacius. Bonifacius would excommunicate Ladislao and a large rebellion of Nobles would consume the countryside. The Kingdom of Sicily would also join Bonifacius in the war against Naples. The war would not end swiftly and would take many years of hardship and struggling. In 1403, four years later, Naples would give away a province that was filled with pro-Rome supporters and would try to recover over the next few years.

Bonifacius would proceed to excommunicate many rulers in Italy that had betrayed Rome to the Avignon Papacy, the King of Ferrara among them. Bonifacius would also proceed to form an alliance with the republic of Genoa as a means of gathering support. With the war against Naples coming to an end in 1403, Bonifacius would declare war on Siena another follower of Avignon. This war would be far more brief and end with the annexation of the small country. This action would, however, bring the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, the King of Bohemia, at odds with the Papacy with war occurring that same year. This action would lose Bohemia the support of many of the electors of the Holy Roman Empire, leading to the election of the Palatine not long after war was declared. The Kingdom of Mantua would join Bonifacius in an alliance during the war.

Bonifacius would go on to guarantee the independence of many surrounding pro-Rome states such as Pisa and Urbino, as well as far flung states in Naxos and Achea. While Bonifacius would be ruthless in the pursuit of war against pro-avignon states in Italy, Bonifacius was often squeamish when it came to war between two pro-rome states. Bonifacius would not join Sicily in their war on Pisa, and Bonifacius would betray Genoa in their war against Venice, both occurring within the year 1404. Common perception of Bonifacius is that he was a warrior pope and wished to expand his realm through bloodshed. An unflattering account from a Bohemian source declares that Bonifacius had no formal religious training and was an illiterate beast of a man. I disagree with this account, while it is clear that Bonifacius was not afraid to go to war, he showed his unwillingness to go to war with his own supporters. I have come to believe that the fear that the Papacy in Rome would be destroyed by the Papacy in Avignon after the states in Italy began to turn on him was so strong that it would be the primary motivator in his wars during these five years. It would continue to influence Bonifacius throughout the rest of his life.

Apart from Bonifacius's wars in central and southern Italy, different wars brewed inside the northern portion of italy. The Doge of Genoa and Venice found themselves on the same side in the year 1400 A.D. when the Kingdom of Milan launched an invasion of Ferrara, a state that both Venice and Genoa had placed guarantees on. Antonio Veniero of Venice and Antonio Adorno of Genoa would be known, briefly, as the two Antonios. Their war with Milan would be brief. The two were nominally fighting under the Kingdom of Bohemia, but this largely was not the case as Bohemia did not use a single soldier in the conflict. In 1401, however, Bohemia would put a decisive end to the conflict forcing Milan to release two Kingdoms, one in Pisa and the other in Siena. One of those kingdoms would support Rome, and another would find itself annexed by it. Genoa and Venice's short lived alliance would quickly descend into war in 1404. With the Papacy rising in the south and the two Doges clashing in the north what the shape of Italy will be in another five years is anyone's guess.

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1405 A.D.
 
Book One

Chapter One
1400 - 1405

The Holy Roman Empire

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1400 A.D.

The Holy Roman Empire is a mess of contradictions. The Holy Roman Empire is not very Holy. Some states make it their prime directive to be centers of religious though, and these states help choose the Emperor himself who crowned by the Papacy. It is, however, not Holy in that its Emperor's are largely their own. There are many Kingdoms and states that are often ambivalent to religion or use it only to further their own gains, such as the Republic of Genoa or the Kingdom of Brabant. The Holy Roman Empire is definitely not Roman, but for the most part Germanic. There are some slavic states such as Bohemia, and some French and Italian states such as the Burgundian territories and Lombardy. In addition, the Holy Roman Empire is hardly an Empire at all, but a federation of states that have formed a network of alliances and treaties so complex that that it gives off the impression of unity. While the Emperor may seem like the leader of a vastly powerful state, he is more like the steward of the masses.

The sheer number of states inside the Holy Roman Empire is so vast that to go into great detail regarding all of them would be realistically impossible if one does not desire to die of old age before even a single chapter could be written. Instead the primary focus will be the electors and the Emperors. In the period of five years the number of states inside the Holy Roman Empire went from 52 to 50. Of the states lost, the most prominent of which was the duchy of Holstein, a client of the Danish Monarchy which was annexed peacefully. In addition, the Kingdom of Bavaria would be created as an elector of the monarchy by Vaclav IV of Bohemia before his death. The Kingdom of Bohemia's monarch, Vaclav IV was the Holy Roman Emperor up until his death. He would forge an alliance with the Kingdom of Austria and the Teutonic Order. He would also lead the war against the Kingdom of Milan after its attack against Ferrara. Vaclav would, however, do something foolish.

He would go to the defense of Siena after the Papacy invaded it. This move coupled with his refusal to go to Burgundy's aid against France, would lead to Bohemia losing control of the seat of Emperor to the Palatine. For this many would regard Vaclav as a foolish King who destroyed his own power. Going to war with the Papacy would ruin his support among the electors, which were decidedly pro-Rome. Vaclav's demise in 1402, however, has lead to a more gentle approach towards him in recent years. Vaclav went to the aid of Siena because Siena was his creation from Milan, abandoning the state would have been dishonorable in both his duties as Emperor and as an ally. Burgundy, however, was no ally of Bohemia and Vaclav was no friend to the Papacy in Avignon, so he did not have the same obligation to defend him. Due to Vaclav's death in 1402 it is unknown if he would repair relations with Bonifacius and the electors, but it is impossible to know.

Following Vaclav's demise, the Palatine would become elected to Holy Roman Emperor. It was not a unanimous decision, mind you, but rather a bitter compromise. Glere wanted the the Kingdom of Brunswick to succeed Valcav. Mainz and Cologne wanted Austria. The Kingdom of Bavaria opted to elect themselves. Brandenburg wanted Hesse, while the electors of the Palatine, Trier, and Saxony wanted to elect the Palatine. Austria and the Palatine briefly squabbled amongst themselves before the Palatine became Emperor. Becoming Emperor because three of eight electors wanted you made the Palatine an unpopular ruler in the beginning. Rupert III would become an effective Emperor, unlike the new King of Bohemia Ladislav II. Rupert would forge a marital alliance with the Kingdom of England, he would oppose the Avignon Papacy, and he would support the Kingdom of Pisa against an attack from Sicily. In addition, in order to maintain peace and order in the Empire, he Rupert would go to the aid of Oldenburg against an invasion from Hesse.

The Palatine would also forge an alliance with the Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth before its collapse. After this collapse the Palatine would abandon Poland as it entered into a devastating war with the Teutonic Order. Austria, oddly, would ally themselves with Poland against them in the conflict. Common perception of Rupert's early years as Emperor are that they are many times better than Vaclav's last few years. It is here that I note several differences in these two Emperor's. Vaclav went to the support of an ally he helped create. Rupert III would form an alliance with the Kingdom of Poland when it was attached to Lithuania as it was a powerful state in the region, but simply abandoned it once the Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth fell apart which leads me to believe that Vaclav was the more honorable of the two. Earlier when the Palatine went to war with Hesse I do question Rupert's motives as Hesse was a rival candidate for the seat of Emperor, having the support of two electors when the war began. Given the dynamic nature of the Holy Roman Empire, it will be impossible to predict what the next few years will hold.

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1405 A.D.
 
Book One

Chapter One
1400 - 1405

Scandinavia

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1400 A.D.

Scandinavia was a region very similar to Iberia. Scandinavia is largely a peninsula, like Iberia. Scandinavia has three major powers, and even a minor client state. This, however, is where the similarities end. Scandinavia includes a number of islands and a fragment of the mainland, and, in addition, the three main powers are united under a single monarch. His name was Erik VII of Pomerania. The union was never a happy one, but for the first five years of the dawn of the fifteenth century it held firm. Erik would lead the union rather effectively in the early years. He would join the Hanseatic League and forge royal relations with Oldenburg within the first month of the year. In the year 1401 one the greatest threats to Erick's leadership was the rise of a Swedish noble who dared to declare himself the rightful union of Kalmar. His rebellion would continue until march of 1402.

The client state of Holstein would be annexed willingly, at least officially. Unofficially the Duchy of Holstein rejected Erik's advances and the two went to war briefly resulting in a much more forceful annexation of the region. The Holy Roman Emperor made no objection in spite of Holstein being a member of the Empire. War, however, would eagerly be declared against the union of Kalmar in 1403 when Brabant declared war on the nation. This made very little sense as Brabant had no connection to Kalmar from the sea and no land border. There appeared to be no reason for war to be declared, but the Teutonic Order as well as the Kingdom of Bohemia no under Ladislav II joined in the war. Switzerland would join the war a month later. The only forces that would engage Kalmar would be the Teutonic Order. By the year 1405 all of the states, apart from Brabant, had ended the war with Kalmar with a white peace. From the perspective of a more modern historian I can honestly say that I have no idea why this occurred, obviously something was lost from history.

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1405 A.D.
 
Book One

Chapter One
1400 - 1405

The Balkans

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1400 A.D.

The Balkans is the one region in the world where Islamic forces are expanding into Europe, not retreating. There are two powers that dominate the Balkans, the Kingdom of Hungary and the Osman Sultanate. Both have client states in the region and have a vested interest in destroying one another. The Kingdom of Hungary champions the idea of their own reconquista following the fall of the Eastern Roman Empire. King Zsigimond of Hungary was the driving force inside southeast Europe in resisting the spread of the Osmans. Needless to say, he was not happy about many Christian Duchies, such as Serbia and Bosnia, becoming servants to a heathen. The Duchy of Transylvania, however, was his own client against the spreading influence of the Osmans. In January 1400 Hungary entered into an alliance with Austria in order to solidify his flanks should he commit to a total war with the Turks. However, in order to remain outside of trivial affairs, he initially rejected Bavaria's request of an alliance, though in the year 1401 after many assurances that Bavaria would not abuse this alliance, Zsigimond reluctantly accepted.

In March of 1401 a number of nobles gathered around a man claiming to be the descendant from Louis the Great of Hungary. It is doubtful that anyone seriously maintained this claim in full honesty, but many saw this as an opportunity to gain a stronger standing inside the Kingdom of Hungary. This, however, was a foolhardy endeavor. In November of the same year this scion of Louis was executed along with many of his supporters. With this resolved another matter requiring his attention was brought into focus. The Avignon-Rome schism. Zsigimond had elected to remain neutral for many years, though he tacitly supported Rome. After the rise of Avignon many states opted to enact various blasphemy laws. Zsigimond had rejected the notion originally, but would later adopt the act not against any allegiance to any Pope, but against the Orthodox followers in the lands to his south. Orthodoxy has proven to be too weak to stand against armies of Islam and has proven to be even weaker under the rule of Islam.

In the year 1403 after repeated trading of insults and warnings, the Kingdom of Hungary invaded the state of Ragusa. Austria and Bavaria elected not to join in Zsigimond's attack and their alliance was promptly severed. No state, however, dared to go to war with Hungary over this minor nation. In a few months the state was annexed. Hungary and Polish-Lithuania would later forge an alliance, but as the commonwealth fell apart and Lithuania attacked Mazovia, Hungary found itself in war against his former ally. Hungary would try to gain allies in Austria and Venice, but they refused. Austria no longer wanted an ally that expected them to go to war over petty nations. Venice refused on the grounds that they had their own interests in the Balkans. Milan, however, in its weakened state accepted the alliance with Hungary.

Antonio Veniero, the Doge of Venice, while not based in the Balkans, has a strong vested interest in the affairs of the region. Many of the remnants of the Latin Empire remained alive to the dawn of the 15th century inside the region. Corfu, Achea, and Naxos all had strong ties to Venice, in fact they survived because of Venice. One even existed as a client state, Corfu. In the year 1400 Antionio Veniero had passed token Blaspemy laws in order to better his relations with the Papacy in Rome, but Venice had no desire to get too overtly involved in the renewed conflict between Rome and Avignon. In the year 1403 the client state of Corfu was annexed into Venice. Antonio Veniero passed away in 1404, and was replaced by a militaristic man named Urbano Magno. With the death of Antonio, the brief Genoese-Venetian alliance came to an end and war began anew.

Apart from Venice and Hungary, their puppets, and the Latin Empire's remnants, there were other forces at work inside the Balkans. The rising star, the Osman Sultanate and the decrepit state, the Eastern Roman Empire both were established presences inside the region. In spite of the Osman Sultnate's presence in the Balkans, they did little to interfere with the region. The Osmans were involved in a war against the Tumirid Empire and lost. The Osman Empire would also get into wars with Karaman and Dulkadir. The country would be destabilized and an Osman Prince would rise in rebellion and be executed for treason. The Eastern Roman Empire, however, would be busy forging alliances. Wallacia, Trebizond, and Georgia all became allies of the state, at least briefly. In the year 1405 the Eastern Roman Empire would send a warning to Achaea, reminding them that they still claim that land. Questions abound regarding the future moves of these two states: Will Rome expand and escape its own decrepitude or will the Osmans turn back towards Europe for expansion? With this short window of time to analyze it is impossible to tell.

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1405 A.D.