Hastu Neon said:
Interesting, so you are actually in two seperate wars with Austria.
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Interesting, so you are actually in two seperate wars with Austria.
Fall of Ferdinand II and the "Glorious March": from December 1847 to May 1848
The new Republican flag (1848)
The electoral term has passed away with apparent quiet despite the conflict with Austria, or maybe just thanks to it. Despite the clamour provoked by the activity of few Socialist demagogues in Naples, social issues have not been central and the main political forces have been confronting during the campaign mostly on the Italian unification process and other institutional matters. Two main forces have clearly emerged: the leftist Reformists and the Conservatives. We must be clear on this: the relatively small number of electors allowed to vote according to their own private wealth cannot produce mass parties and popular participation. Elections are mainly an affair among few "notables" and lobbyists, and political discussions take place at the banquets rather than in open squares.
However, the consolidation of the Roman Republic with Giuseppe Mazzini's arrival (14th January 1848), the proclamation of the Second French Republic after the fall of Louis Phillip (10th February) and the general spreading of the revolutionary wave have changed completely the context and the values at stake. Both examples of free citizens capable to remove unwanted rulers – even the Pope himself! – make for the first time the Neapolitans thinking about a concrete and justifiable possibility: the dismissal of a King not enough committed to the cause of the liberation of Italy from the foreign joke. The Reformists have already included in their agenda a tepid Republicanism, but after the events of Rome and Paris most of leftist candidates publicly profess their criticism to King Ferdinand II and the institution he currently represents. Only the Conservative front remains closer to its monarchical tradition, but the following events will inspire some changes among its ranks, too.
The conduct of King in these months is actually questionable. With the soldiers engaged in the fight and recurring nationalistic demonstrations, he shows a weak participation in the war effort. During the past Christmas festivities a letter sent by Ferdinand II to the Emperor of Austria claiming the Bourbon's proximity to the "Habsburg's pains" and a firm willingness for peace has been intercepted and made public, causing a degrading embarrassment to PM Nicola Maresca, who has gradually moved to the rightwing and cannot accept such events three months before elections that look difficult for the Conservatives. In February, Ferdinand II sent a secret envoy to London to sound PM Palmerston's availability as mediator with Wien. The mission ha been unsuccessful but has also clarified Ferdinand's disregard for the constitutional prerogatives of Parliament and Government.
Maresca, who is a sincere royalist (actually, he is a Duke) but also a convinced Liberal, has been listened complaining about the scarce attention of the King to the Constitution. A constitutional crisis would represent a serious danger for the State in a moment of internal and external quarrels. During March, rumours of an upcoming reactionary coup lead to increasing tensions. The night before the elections, the King orders the royalist troops to take up certain positions in the capital, whereas squads of lazzaroni (as the poorest mob of Naples, uncritically devoted to the King, is called) begin to strike liberal supporters. The first barricades have been already erected in some areas of the city, when the leader of the Reformist party Carlo Troya gets out to convince the dissenters "to go home and show their will through the ballot". Providentially, the Army – now packed with liberal supporters belonging to formerly clandestine associations like the Carbonari or La Giovine Italia – manages to keep a good level of quietness and safety during the election days.
From the polls comes out a landslide victory of the Reformists: they have an overwhelming majority (73%), a success that allows their leader Carlo Troya to form a new cabinet supported by 120 out of 164 Deputies of the Lower House. The conservative deputies – headed by the incumbent President of the Council of the Ministers Nicola Maresca and the promising Liborio Romano – get only 23% of preferences, which translate in 44 seats. In spite of such popular backing, Ferdinand II does not congratulate with "that puny half man" of Carlo Troya.
Political overview (30.03.1848)
Opening its works on 30th March 1848 with Ferdinand II's disparaging absence, the Parliament immediately votes for the termination of the Kingdom and the establishment of a republican form of government. Only 30 votes have been given in favour of the Bourbon dynasty – that means that also some of the Conservative deputies are convinced that the time of the monarchy is over. Few hours later, a battalion of the Army reaches the royal residence in Caserta to "warrant protection to the esteemed person of the citizen Ferdinando di Borbone", which actually means taking custody over him to avoid a departure or, even worse, a possible counter-revolution of royalists.
In the meantime, on the other side of the sea ...
... also the Austrian Empire is experiencing its own problems during the "Glorious March". A Liberal uprising has forced Emperor Ferdinand to dismiss Metternich after decades of unlimited rule and to appoint a liberal/federalist cabinet. Mass demonstrations in Budapest get even more results: Wien has been pushed to grant additional autonomies to Hungary, which is now a separate national kingdom with Ferdinand as King, in a sort of personal union with Austria. What's worse for Wien, is that now Budapest has also "financial sovereignty", being able to receive and spend locally tax revenues. A really bad piece of news for Radetzky!
Not a plain-vanilla 1848 for Austria: Italians advancing, Hungarians seceding, Croatians and Bohemians revolting!
During the internal troubles in Naples, Wien and Budapest, the front keeps moving. Now Filangieri and Corleone are respectively in charge of the Alpine (North) and coastal (East) operations. The Alpine sector is focuses on the battle of Zell am See fought against a Prussian expeditionary force lent to Austria and finally won by the joint Italian forces on 23rd February, with the besieged city fallen almost one month later (another gratifying event that probably has heavily affected the result of the elections!).
On the coastal sector, Corleone has quickly advanced from Pola in the Istrian peninsula and seized also Fiume on 9th February, whereas another detachment under Colonel Damiani has been sent in advance of the army to Postojna. Corleone advances in the Ogulin area and takes the small Croatian town and its strategic stronghold in May. But serious problems arise in Postojna, where fresh Austrian and Bavarian reinforcements have faced the Neapolitan detachment since mid-April, outnumbering them 3:1. A strong resistance has allowed Damiani to keep ground for one month, but finally the 1st Battle of Postojna (to distinguish it from a second terrible fight that will be staged in the same place in 1850) takes place on 20th May 1848. The fighting continues for the whole day until a last Austrian storming breaks the exhausted Italians. At sunset Damiani is obliged to order the retreat to Pola. The Postojna campaign closes with a huge cost: 7.000 Italian killed, wounded or imprisoned out of a contingent of 10.000 soldiers, a tribute of blood that forces Corleone to reconsider something in the overall strategy.
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Hey, I'm really enjoying the fact that exactly now there are 3 Italian AARs respectively focused on Sardinia-Piedmont (Quirinus308), Papal States (ComradeOm) and KTS, each one with its different agenda and style: a 100% coverage of the Risorgimento!
It is rather cool that we do have the triple view of the Peninsula.
A second terrible fight in 1850? One presumes it will be the same war, but even if not suggests that this war has a lot of mileage in it yet.
A second terrible fight in 1850? One presumes it will be the same war, but even if not suggests that this war has a lot of mileage in it yet.
Treacherous brothers: from June to December 1848
In the wake of the events of the "Glorious March", Carlo Troya (Two Sicilies), Giuseppe Mazzini (Roman Republic), Daniele Manin (Venetian Republic), Carlo Cattaneo (Lombard Provisional Government) and Massimo D'Azeglio (Sardinia-Piedmont) have met in Bologna to discuss future developments in the Italic League. Because of some divergences, they have reached just a minimal – nonetheless precious – agreement to form (once Austrian troops would have been expelled from the peninsula) a confederacy on the same basis of the German States: a customs and monetary union and a common defence pact.However, at that time news from the front were pleasant, the Austrian Empire seemed in despair and anti-unitarian forces had not unleashed their power. Now, during the summer 1848 the utopia is falling down, and brothers start to betray each other…
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Neither PM Carlo Troya nor Capt. Enrico Cosenz wants to go to sleep. The latter has been serving as link between Government and Army since April, travelling incessantly throughout the peninsula. During his fatiguing transfers, Cosenz has developed a good resilience but cannot even see any sign of tiredness on the face of the politician. The summer breeze coming from the Gulf spreads a fragrance of lemons when PM Troya begins to talk:
CT: "A row of misfortunate events… if you don't believe in God and men's malevolence, how can you explain these events? Four months ago, cheery promises of help, and now we have been left with just words!"
EC:"Sure, my Sir" – despite the long affiliation with the PM the Captain tends often to remark with his emphasised formalism the difference between a soldier and a civilian – "but who could expect that the reactionaries had all those weapons in their hands? The Pope, the French…"
CT: "Yes, you're right. That encyclical letter of the 29th April has been a curse. 'My sacred office oblige me to embrace all nations in an equal paternal love … I ardently recommend the Catholic brothers to stop warring and reconcile themselves'. What a perjury! Such appeal has terribly damaged the morale of the Romans: Mazzini has not been able to recover anymore his grip on them. His cabinet lost popularity and couldn't sustain anymore the war effort."
EC: "The same applies with General Cavaignac's (*) opening speech at the French National Assembly: his declaration about the danger to France coming from the formation of an Italian confederation and the veiled intimidations to Sardinia-Piedmont have scared D'Azeglio."
CT: "He told me Piedmont's army couldn't stand an aggressive stance from Paris. A two-front war would see Turin in enemy hands in two weeks…"
EC: "Had not the Pope and the French government opposed the Independence War, today we could have been in a better situation…"
What has happened is now history. By the end of June, Turin and Rome have expressed through the usual English diplomatic channel, their desire to sign an armistice with Wien. Peace negotiations have dragged on for less than a week and respectively signed on 4th and 5th July 1848 in Zurich. As a corollary of the withdrawal, Sardinia-Piedmont contributes with another episode to this brusque halt to the Italian accord: seeking a profit from the likely dismissal of Central Duchies, on 6th September PM D'Azeglio takes a pro-Tuscany position and orders the Piedmontese Army to move on Parma.
The Duke of Parma Charles Louis is defenceless: he is already warring against Leopold II of Tuscany for Lucca and now cannot bear the overpowering Piedmontese army just few kilometres out of his capital. It's a fast demise: by end of October, the Duchy is abolished and Charles Louis flees to Wien. The winners share to spoils, Tuscany takes Lucca and Sardinia-Piedmont annexes Parma.
Overall, until the armistices Piedmontese and Roman role in the war has been negligible. Few thousands Roman soldiers, mainly volunteers, have crossed the Po to fight the Austrians, and the regular divisions of the Piedmontese army have limited their range of manoeuvre within the borders of Lombardy, just preoccupied with the defence of Milan. Nonetheless, the emotional impact has been initially tremendous. Milan, Venice and Naples now stand alone in their fight against Austria and its German allies, with the Italian troops still stunned by the defeat at Postojna.
The ensuing retreat has been extremely disappointing from a strategic standpoint: the Alpine sector has suffered less, repelling a first time an Austrian attack in Salzburg but being forced to complete a tactical retreat at the end of September. Instead, Corleone's 2nd Corps has executed a complete withdrawal from Croatia to avoid the encirclement: weakened on the lateral flanks, in July he precipitously leaves Lubljana with his 7.000 men when the enemy appears with a contingent, 32.000 strong. Soon after, a Bavarian expeditionary force reoccupies Ogudin, but in the meantime the Neapolitan force has completed the repositioning next to the coast, where can be easily supplied by Admiral Salerno's navy, still not contended by the Austrian ships.
Yet, after the initial strike, the Neapolitan soldiers react in an unforeseen way to the withdrawal of Piedmontese and Roman contingents: according to the motto "many enemies, much honour", they now perceive to be the only possible saviours of the Risorgimento. Abandoned by men, these last patriots have been left with Alessandro Manzoni's literature and Giuseppe Verdi's music as their only battlefield buddies. In some way, this wave of "romanticist loneliness" is helping them to recover morale after a well-conducted repositioning. Furthermore, in September Hungary has declared its independence from Austria and has gone to war to reaffirm it. Maybe, there is still a hope…
(*) Louis-Eugène Cavaignac has been appointed Minister of War in the chaotic first months of the Second French Republic. As commander-in-chief of the Army, he has repressed the June radical riots in Paris, acting for a while as a sort of dictator legitimated by the National Assembly [R].
Indeed - let us indeed hope that the other revolutions for which the Italian has been the forerunner enable it to be a success.
The tide turns back: from January 1849 to June 1850
The third year of war opens with encouraging news: Corleone's counteroffensive aimed at recapturing Postojna reaches the goal on 22nd January 1849. As the previous defeat at the Slovene town has been a shock for the Neapolitan soldiers, its re-conquest spurs a flame of enthusiasm for the 2nd Corps' men, now meticulously reorganised and armed by their high-ranking officers. A particular mention is necessary for the significant improvement in small arms brought by the technological exchange with the allies. In March the employment of muzzle-loaded rifles (purchased by the innovative weaponries of the Republic of Venice) significantly improves the Neapolitan attack capabilities.
Two Sicilies exchanges "ad hoc money printing",
getting muzzle loaded rifles and 2.700 pounds from Veneto.
War loans can be completely repaid.
Something new happens also by sea. On 3rd April 1849 an Austrian man-o-war tries to interrupt for the first time since the beginning of the conflict the naval blockade imposed by the Neapolitan Admiral Salerno but is forced to retreat. Similar attempts in the future will get no result and the naval warfare (overall, very negligible) will not challenge the Italian overwhelming superiority.
On the Alpine front, the 1st Corps has also resumed its offensive and scores its point in April, with the seizure of the city of Klagenfurt. Even if the Italian forces will be forced to retreat from the siege of the Slovene city of Maribor later this year, the 1849 campaign heralds the complete recovery of Italians and the slow dismembering of the German coalition. In the spring 1849 the Italian advancement has reached its maximum extension. Emperor Ferdinand has abdicated in favour of his nephew Franz Joseph, who has to handle both internal strife and wars with Italian States and Hungary. In the meantime, other German States, which until now have morally and materially supported Austria, starts to believe that of its ally as a lost cause. Disappointment against Radetzky's war conduct, who does not spare the blood of his allies' soldiers when the cruellest battles come, is mounting.
Anyway, autumn and winter 1849 pass by extremely quiet, partly because of the severe climate but also for the essential need of a break for both contenders after an draining fight. A broad mourning ensues the death of the eminent General Carlo Filangieri on 28th February 1850, succeeded by the timid and unfit General Lanza as commander-in-chief of the 1st Corps, but that's the only relevant piece of news in a 12-months-and-more long "sitting war" (or, as European diplomats involved in continuing peace negotiations start to call it, drole de guerre).
Actually, Prussia and Austria have already sounded Paris and London for a possible intervention to close the war. Prussia renews a peace offer to its Italian contenders that is unanimously accepted on 15th May 1850. Instead, an agreement with Austria and its remaining minor allies is much more complex considering the interests at stake. Among the Italians, Daniele Manin is perhaps the most inclined to end a conflict which mainly causes offence to Veneto with its operations. Nonetheless, the Venetian leading patriot does not want a dishonourable armistice, like the one signed by Rome and Turin two years before: he wants to dictate the terms, strong of the strategic advantage represented by having the allied troops well inside Austrian provinces. He instructs Venetian envoys to London to make an offer for a separate peace treaty based on the following: full recognition from Wien of the Venetian Republic, renouncing to any claims on Veneto and Friuli, assignment of the fleet, almost completely manned with Venetian sailors.
Astonishingly, on 14th June 1850 the Austrian Emperor accepts the Venetian proposal! The loss of Veneto does not preclude him to get back Trento and the even richer Lombardy and at the same time is a wonderful chance to cut-off the Neapolitan troops still engaged in Tyrol and Slovenia from their supply lines. From Wien's standpoint, abandoning Venice would represent a lesser evil necessary to storm Trento and rush on the undefended city of Milan. At least, that's their plan …
Venice makes a separate peace when the Italian advance in Austrian territory is at its climax
Ahura Mazda: sure, here Lucca has been really unlucky!
stnylan: little help from Hungary. Soon Austria will crush them thanks to the Russian help. And those dreadful Russian expeditionary forces will be free to reach the Alps and fight me!
Director: that's why they call the 1848 revolutionary wave both "The downfall of thrones" and "The spring of nations"...
Dr. Gonzo: if you prefer, put it in the other sense. Neapolitans have been seeing friends disappearing month after month. If finally Milan is victoriously defended, who else can claim the highest blood contribution to the Italian cause?
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By the way, the final showdown is coming, just wait for the next post. After this long period of calm used to re-gather force, the contenders are ready for the decisive deathmatch!
stnylan: little help from Hungary. Soon Austria will crush them thanks to the Russian help. And those dreadful Russian expeditionary forces will be free to reach the Alps and fight me!
Director: that's why they call the 1848 revolutionary wave both "The downfall of thrones" and "The spring of nations"...
Dr. Gonzo: if you prefer, put it in the other sense. Neapolitans have been seeing friends disappearing month after month. If finally Milan is victoriously defended, who else can claim the highest blood contribution to the Italian cause?
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By the way, the final showdown is coming, just wait for the next post. After this long period of calm used to re-gather force, the contenders are ready for the decisive deathmatch!
Sure, it helps because the white peace has been signed having a positive war score... and who knows VIP events mechanics understands what this can bring about.stnylan said:
The final showdown at Bergamo and the Armistice of Trento: from July 1850 to February 1852
A dramatic scene from the defence of Bergamo
A dramatic scene from the defence of Bergamo
After the Venetian defection in June 1850, the Neapolitan troops begin to reoccupy the Austrian provinces they have been left in when the news about the armistice arrived. But every soldier understands that the nature and strategy of the conflict has radically changed: isolated from the Lombard supply lines, those divisions are now fighting a defensive war in enemy territory before coming back and shelter Milan from the greedy Imperial eagle. Their compact resilience under Corleone will prove a superb help to gain time for the reorganisation of the Italian troops on this side of the Alps. However, the upper hand of the war will be Italian until spring 1851, when three scattered Austrian provinces still remain under Neapolitan control, even if two decisive attacks for the control of Bozen and Trieste have failed and two divisions have been completely destroyed in Zell am See.
Strategic situation (March 1851)
Status of the country (March 1851): war exhaustion is increasing!
With the new year, the situation changes again: the short-lived Hungarian independence comes to an end in January 1851 when the Imperial forces, decisively supported by the Russian expeditionary corps, crush Lajos Kossuth's nationalists. Free from fighting on two fronts and still supported by the Czar, now Radetzky can easily turn his attention to Italy. On 25th March, a force of 54.000 Austrian meets Corleone with his last 8.000 soldiers in the 2nd Battle of Postojna. One man to seven, the Neapolitans hold ground for three weeks before beginning to retire from the Slovene town on 17th April.
From this day on, Corleone's only goal is to lead an orderly retreat back to Italy, where the Austrian pressure on Lombardy is becoming significant. In the meantime, General Lanza (substitute of Filangieri as chief of the 1st Corps) has been able to defend Trento from an Austrian attack, but has been subsequently forced to move back in Bergamo with his divisions to shelter that town. On 12th September Lanza is there, waiting for the enemies together with a Lombard division. On 9th October the Austrian arrive with an invading force more than doubling in numbers Lanza's men. No need to say about the magnitude of this battle. Being only few kilometres far from Milan, its capitulation would mean to fall of Milan and the end of the war…
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The Battle of Bergamo (9th-16th October 1851)
The Battle of Bergamo (9th-16th October 1851)
With the help of few local volunteers Lanza has been to raise his troops to 20.000 men, but still much less than those led by General Auffenberg. The first skirmishes among Italians and Austrian advance guard happen in the afternoon 9th October. Auffenberg's infantry charged the upper quarters of Bergamo to secure a tactically superior battlefield. Here Lanza has placed the flower of his army: the fight continues for days on a wide and hilly ground around Bergamo.
Lanza understands that without fresh troops Bergamo will be doomed. Milan cannot contribute with anything, having few hundreds demoralised men. His only hope is Corleone, who has successfully completed his retreat into Trento few days before. The situation quickly deteriorates: by 13th October the Austrian fatally gain ground and Auffenberg predicts that without reinforcements Bergamo's last defences will collapse in two days. On that evening, he is preparing the plan for the final storming, which – if successful – will give him the honours of the day.
Luckily for Lanza, in the grey mists of dawn the advance guard of the reinforcement, led in person by General Corleone, arrives in sight of Bergamo. With a humble deed, the great hero of the war, who has led the Neapolitan troops during a four years campaign in enemy lands, puts himself and his men under the command of General Lanza. Before leaving Trento with the remnants of his 2nd Corps, General Corleone has called to arms the citizen for the last patriotic battle. Their answer has been unexpectedly strong and now he can commit 52.000 fresh men to the defence of Bergamo. Now it's the Italians to outnumber by 2:1 the Austrians.
Forces on the battlefield
Strategic context of the battle: win or lose (both Milan and the war)!
The decisive clash rages on 14th and 15th October, and consists largely in hand-to-hand fightings. On the evening of the second day of fury, the scene of carnage on the battlefield is tremendous: thousands of bodies almost completely cover the ground, wounded are hardly distinguishable from dead. But on that ground the Italian final stand has repelled the invaders. On the morning of 16th October, Auffenberg has nothing to do but to hoist the white flag and order the retreat.
Stung to the heart, Radetzky advises Emperor Franz Joseph to seek a negotiation to end the war. "After this defeat, I cannot guarantee" – apparently the Emperor has been telegraphed by the Ubergeneral – "that the morale of our troops can bring a victory". From November 1851 to February 1852 the peace negotiations drag on. Cattaneo and Troya conduct them with determination but also savoir-faire. Pressed by United Kingdom and France, annoyed the possible threats to the European peace posed by such a long conflict, Austria finally agrees to the terms. On 27th February the armistice is concluded in Trento.
The Austrians yield any territorial claim in Italy and recognises officially the free Republics of Lombardy and Venice. According to one of the most important clauses, "Austria renounces to exercise any opposition to the creation of a free association of Italian States, completely independent and shaped only according the will of the Italian people". The Habsburg soldiers must evacuate Trieste in 24 hours and hand over the authority to the local (Italian) authorities. A plebiscite will soon sanction the annexation to the Venetian Republic. Unfortunately, the town of Trento is not part of the peace treaty and remains under Austrian control, becoming the cause for subsequent irredentism. On the same day, the Neapolitan Government orders to demobilisation of the reserves and on 1st March 1852 the heroes of Bergamo leave the glorious fields of Lombardy to go back home, where newspapers come out with the so long awaited titles: War is over, Italian victory!
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Hooray! Let all true Italian patriots acknowledge the greatness of Sicily. They will make you an offer you cannot refuse
A masterful war conducted sometimes even against your allies' treachery. Unfortunately for Austria, it couldn't have come at a worse time, but still a favorable settlement wasn't going to come easily, and you proved quite capable to earn it. Well done
19th May 1852: what have we been left with?
Vito Corleone triumphantly lands in Naples with his troops on the morning of 19th May 1852, roughly four years and eleven months after the granting of the Constitution and the declaration of war against Austria. The capital seems not so different from that time, apart from the removal of each and every sign, image or effigy of the former Bourbon dynasty. It is the same old chaos for which the city is famous worldwide.
"What have we been left with?" are his very first words to a thousand people waiting for a salute in Largo di Palazzo, where the former royal residence has been rearranged to host Troya's Republican Government. His subsequent speech is a passionate thanks to thousands of patriots killed during the war but also a clear warning to governors, representatives and citizens – called again for general elections – to avoid the dissipation of that sacrifice through guilty delays in the unification process.
Largo di Palazzo (del Governo), where General Corleone takes his pro-unity speech
Before moving onto the future, we have to spend few words on the past. Actually, even if not materially damaged by the military operations, five years of war have had a tremendous outcome over the life of nation. It's time to answer to Corleone's question.
Let's start with the obvious, the losses of armed forces: statistics for the professional army are more reliable: 6.000 losses out of 28.000 recruited men represent a sizeable 21%. Only 3 of the original 4 divisions have survived. If we consider that other 80.000 reserves or volunteers have been conscripted and we assume – quite optimistically – that they recorded the same loss rate of the professional troops, an estimate of total fatalities is roughly 23.000 dead. Because of its limited activity, the Navy has had no ship sunken.
About demography: during the wartime, population has continued to rise up to 11.265.000 inhabitants (March 1852 estimate), +14% vs. latest official 1846 census, representing a compounded annual growth rate of 2.5%, slightly below the one of the previous decade. Because of the standstill in education expenses, the literacy has moderately increased to 41%. Furthermore, the masses are somehow disappointed for the lack of funds to deal with deprivations and diseases of the period of war – as shown in the picture below showing both high corruption levels and revolt risk in certain continental provinces.
Corleone is back in a resented country
From a financial perspective, the situation is not much different. At least the Government has not been left with outstanding debt, but investments have been on hold for years: no new factories and enlargements of the railway network. As always, war has been beneficial for GDP, which amounted to ca. 15.400 pounds in 1851 (just to give you an idea GDP was slightly less than 12.000 at the beginning of the industrialisation process). But innovations have been very few and mainly dedicated to military infrastructures, like the works to build the first Italian walled dry-docks, started in 1850 and predicted to be finished before 1852 year-end [R]. Among the limited "civil" advances we may consider the introduction of Northrop-patented power looms and the birth of the Naples Stock Exchange, which officially opens trading on securities on 8th April 1852.
On 30th March 1852, general elections are called to renew both Chambers. Now Two Sicilies have 47 prestige (zero in 1836), 104 industry points (31 in 1836) and 13 military points (7 in 1836). The country ranks 12th, 8 places ahead vs. 1836. Overall, the people can be happy with their first Representative Parliament and Republican Government …
A snapshot on 1st March 1852 daily budget
This AAR is great, first one on the Vicky forum that has enticed me to come here every day ;p keep it up!
I just love the fact that you got a general called Corleone! It's great to see you writing again i enjoyed The Apulian Person Project and i also really enjoy this!