Bahram and Daryush (1591-1602)
Shahanshah Bahram “the Old” was many things. He was a scholar, a philosopher, an astronomer, but a military man he was not. When he assumed the throne at the age of 65, he resolved to prove himself as a martial leader. While he was not an abysmal leader, Bahram was not particularly talented, either. Bahram showered praise and honor on his pet cavalry regiments, increasing resentment among the army units. Bahram's main failing was that he insisted on leading from the front without delegating command to a skilled general. At least nobody could doubt his courage.
A pretender to the throne revolted upon Bahram's accession, but he was quickly dispatched.
Lacking Azar's strong will, Bahram lost control of the bureaucracy, which quickly grew out of control and became a sluggish morass. The gap between Europe and Iran widened as Iran stagnated in the face of Europe's overwhelming strides in technology and increase in wealth.
During his rule as Shah, Bahram established constabularies in more satrapies as a way of increasing enforcement of taxation. He also fortified the central Asian satrapies in response to Turkmen raids. His appeal to the Khorasanian Sultan to put an end to the raids went unheeded.
In Europe, Brittany revolted away from Spanish rule. Spain still remained in control of a vast region of central France.
The great general Balash Suren-Pahlav died in 1595, leaving a huge void in the army leadership.
The Ottomans took notice, and the great Sultan Mustafa II declared war on the following spring.
Bahram placed himself at the head of an army and led an assault into Erserum, but he was held back by an inferior force led by the skilled Kamar Sokullu.
The warrior-king Gagik IV of Armenia invaded and occupied Imeretia by December of 1596, while Alania was occupied by Persian forces in the following months.
Bahram got his revenge against Kamar Sokullu, pushing him back into the Turkish interior in 1597.
Mustafa II suddenly died in July of 1597. Bahram perished soon afterward, due to his old age. The new monarchs, Abdullah and Daryush, had little interest in continuing the war, so they concluded a peace treaty in August of the same year.
Though the young Shahanshah Daryush quickly made peace with the Turks, he was not a peaceful man. Daryush was brash, arrogant, proud, and violent, contemptuous of anything not having to do with the military. He was brusque and uncouth among the high officials and bureaucrats, hardly endearing himself to them, but he was loved by the army.
Daryush wanted to consolidate his position before engaging in war with a foreign power. His main rival was his brother, Yazdegerd. Though still not of age, Yazdegerd was a darling of the court and much preferred by the aristocracy and bureaucracy, as he was much more easily controlled than the fiery Daryush. Daryush knew this, and grew to be intensely jealous of his brother.
Daryush sought a way to marginalize his brother to avoid him being a threat to his rule. A necessary step was to produce an heir, but Bahram and Azar had neglected to arrange a betrothal for Daryush. As he prepared to search for a suitable wife, he came down with a severe sickness. Several of the leading aristocrats took advantage of his weakened state and extorted concessions from him, but as he recovered he took back his erstwhile powers by force.
Attuned to the needs of the military, Daryush soon realized that the Persian cavalry was becoming outclassed by the Turkish cavalry. Rather than emulating military advancements in the Ottoman realm, as was the earlier trend, Daryush looked to the east. He integrated the fighting styles and armaments of the eastern Iranian cavalrymen with those of the west. The easterners specialized in light cavalry, organizing swift strikes, but then dispersing just as quickly. The western Iranians specialized in heavy cavalry, in the Turkish style. Daryush lessened the amount of armor and equipment that heavy cavalrymen would wear and he relentlessly trained them in eastern tactics, while he also recruited many eastern cavalrymen and trained them in the more direct western tactics. This resulted in a very flexible cavalry that had great offensive potential. The Turks called this cavalry the yığın süvari, meaning mass or swarm cavalry.
Wary and resentful of the increasing centralization of the Iranian government, a group of aristocrats banded together in an initiative to establish an independent university as an alternative to the University of Tehran. A new university in Khorramabad was established wholly through private financing in the year 1600. Daryush grudgingly chartered the new institution, which became nearly as prestigious as the one in Tehran.
Daryush traveled throughout the empire, purportedly to inspect the troops and the fortifications, but he was also looking for a suitable wife with whom to produce his heir. He desired a healthy, strong woman capable of bearing many children, a noble woman, but one not linked too closely with the great noble clans. He found Sudabeh Shirazi, daughter of a petty baron in Pars. Sudabeh and Daryush were quickly wed, and just as quickly she was found to be pregnant with Daryush's child.
Daryush decided that it was time to act. He invited Yazdegerd to a hunting expedition in the Hyrcanian forest of Gorgan, where he died under very suspicious circumstances. Though there were no witnesses, all were convinced that Daryush had killed his brother, Yazdegerd. For his part, Daryush did not confirm or deny anything, though his actions showed the truth when he imprisoned and executed the most vocal of his detractors.
Daryush's son, Kurosh, was born on December 11 of 1600. Kurosh was immediately named as the Crown Prince and Daryush's successor.
The Pashtun elders of the satrapy of Gazni, recognizing what had long been the reality, acknowledged Daryush and the Khorasanid house as the lawful and rightful overlords of their province.
Daryush thoroughly alienated the high aristocracy, bureaucracy, and even the priesthood during his reign. The Shahanshah had grown bloodier and bloodier in his efforts to consolidate his rule, but all his efforts only served to entrench his opponents. Daryush's actions caught up with him when he was assassinated by a palace conspiracy in 1602, leaving the infant Kurosh as the Shahanshah of Iran and Aniran.