A History of the Papal States, Gli Stati della Chiesa or Stati Pontificii.
The lands of The Papal States in the year of our Lord 1492
The Era of Expansionism saw the Papal States establish itself as the major power on the Italian peninsula. As soon as Alexander VI was elected Pope by the Cardinals in July 1492, several reforms were put in place that limited the power the nobles used to have. The tax collection system in the province of Marche was expanded aswell, further lowering the influance of the nobles.
His Holiness Pope Alexander VI.
Altough stability suffered somewhat from this decision it was soon clear that the move was a good one as more money flowed into the Papal coffers.
On the foreign front Venice declared war on Mantua a week after the new year had started, clearly the perfidious Venetians hoped to catch the city of Mantua by surprise. Only two months later the Austrians declared war upon the perfidious Venetians, who trade with the Turk as easy as with rightly Christians. Altough several cardinals expressed their concern over the Austrians gaining more influence in Italy, His Holiness The Pope simply dismissed their concerns. And in June of that same year he married the daughter of a leading noble family in Rome to the Austrian Royal House.
The Army of the Holy Cross arrived in Marche in November, a month later the Papal States issiued a Declaration of War to the City State of Mantua. This course of action came as a surpise to many, and stabilty suffered greatly. However, the Pope rationalised this course of action by simply stating that Mantua should and could not be allowed to be overrun by the perfidious Venetians.
The Army of the Holy Cross, lead by general d'Este arrived in Mantua on January the seventeenth of the year of our Lord 1493.
The City of Mantua.
General d'Este first defeated the rag tag band of mercenaries which recruited by the Mantuans to aid in their defense before ocupying the bridges over the Minico River and the townships that were created to protect them. The Papal Navy meanwhile patroled the coast, with sloops patroling the river so no reinforcments could be mustered to lift the siege. A hastily musterd Militia Army from Mantua was destroyed to a man when they tried to sally forth from the city to destroy the siege lines setup by D Éste.
Even while Mantua was being besieged His Holiness The Pope ordered D'Este to marry his son to a woman from a major English Noble house. Festivities were held throughout the Papal domains leading to an increase in faith the population and nobles had in the government.
Additional forces were raised in Romagna, as soon as these were ready they were dispatched to Mantua. In August of the Year of Our Lord 1493 the Electorates of the Holy Roman Empire elected the Austrian Grand Duke to be Emperor of The Holy Roman Empire. Almost simultaniasly the stability the Papal States increased further. On November 24 of that year D'Este accepted the surrender of the city of Mantua and lead his troops into now subdued city.
December 2nd saw the City Council of Mantua surrender the sovereignity of the City and nation of Mantua to His Holiness Pope Alexander VI.
Mantua now was a part of the Papal States. D'Este was apointed as the first Papal Duke of Mantua.
The year 1494 saw no major events for the Papal States. Stability was raised further. The perfidious Turks declared war on the Venetians aswell. This encrouchment of the Turk onto Italian lands worried several of the Cardinals, and plans were drawn up to come to the aid of the Venetians, or atleast to prevent from Italian lands falling into the hands of infedel. However, no actions were undertaken. Tax collecters loyal to the Pope were apointed troughout the province and city of Mantua. The year 1495 was as uneventfull as the year before it, the wars between the Venetians and the Austrians and between the Venetians and the Turks raged on.
February of 1496 saw the peasants of the province of Roma rise up and besiege the city of Rome itself! The Swiss Guard held the revolting peasants at bay for a month while reinforcements were being send from Mantua to relieve the Holy City. The mercenary cavarly army previously in the service of Mantua now fought for the Papal side and routed the ill equiped peasant rabble.
In January a year later C. Borgia was given command of the Mantua Regiment. Army, and commander in chief of all the Papal forces.
Cesare Borgio. Commander of the Papal Armies.
That very same month the Turk signed a peace accord with the Venetians, granting the island chain of Ionia to the perfedious Turk. The rest of the year 1497 was as eventfull as the previous three years. The early months of 1498 saw many messengers travel between Rome and Paris, the capitol of the Kingdom of France, to which the Papal States were allied. Papal forces were also relocated along the borders with Tuscany and Modena.
With the troops relocated a new recruitment program started to cover the gaps left in the defenses. This however, had the unpleasent side effect of depleting the Papal treasure completly and the Pope was forced to take a loan. Six days after the loan wa staken, on 7th september of the year or our Lord 1498 The Papal embassador to Modena issiued a declaration of war. Modena's allies of Genoa, Tuscany and The Knights came to their aid. On the Papal side, France, Savoy, Brittany and Bourbonnais joined the war.
As soon as the declaration of war was issued the Papal forces crossed the borders into Modena and Tuscany. The Amry of the Holy Cross, still lead by D'Este entered Modena and defeated the forces that were present there, laying siege to the City. In Sienna no opposition was encountered by the Mantua Regiment army lead by C. Borgia. As the army aproached the city closed the gates and refused to open them, siege was laid before this city aswell. However, the Tuscans struck back, sending an army to lay waste to the country side of Marche.
A Tuscan army arriving from the North to relieve Siena was defeated with ease by C Borgia. However, at the same moment the Tuscans were routed a rebel army attacked The Mantua Regiment army from the rear. Believe discretion was the better part of valour, Borgia ordered the troops to retreat to Rome to regroup and rest. They were not to get much rest however, as soon as the army arrived at the city of Rome they were ordered to wipe out the Tuscans who were still rampaging trough the lands of Marche. The army of Tuscany was defeated, when news of this reached Rome there was much rejoicing, returning the peoples faith in the government of the Papal States.
With the Tuscan threath in Marche taken care of Borgia directed the army towards the province of Firenze and the capitol city of Tuscany, Florence.
The city of Florence.
On May the 16th of the year 1499 news arrived Rome that Modena had surrenderd to D'Este. The Papal demand, full annexation of the city into the Papal states was accepted by the ruler of Modena 20 days later. Modena now was a part of the Glorious Papal States!
The war against The Knights, Tyscany and Genoa raged on tough, and Papal forces also laid siege to the last of Tuscany's cities, the city of Siena. Firenze and the capitol of Tuscany, Florence fell in august 1499.
To the north of the Papal States the Habsburgs of Austria aquired the city of Milan trough inheritance. At the same time this happend, the Count of Baden enganged in indecent behavior with onbe of his many concubines in front of the men and women of the Church. Altough the Pope and his advisors felt that this insult should not go unpunished there was not much there could be done, as Baden was shielded by the Swiss and the Swiss mountains.
On the first of March of the Year 1500 the government of the Republic of Genoa fell only days before the French forces had breached the city's walls. Due to the change of government the rebels in Corsica were succesfull in their demands of independence. However, this also meant that the Papal States and her allies were no longer at war with Genoa, as the new government succesfully claimed to know nothing of the war. This tricked both the Papal emesaries as the French ones and a white peace was signed between Genoa and the allies of the Papal States.
This left only Tuscany and the Knights at war with His Holiness The Pope. Howver on Agust the 15th of the year 1500 the guns fell silent in Sienna and Papal Forces entered the city.
The City of Sienna when the Papal States acquired it
On October the 22nd the final peace accords were signed between the Papal States and allies on one side and Tuscany and the Knights on the other. Tuscany was forced to hand over the city of Sienna to The Papal States. In exchange for this a treaty was signed that no hostillities would break out between the Papal States and Tuscany and the Knights for 5 years.
The territory of The Pope had doubled in size in a mere 8 years, bringing peace and prosperity to many Italians.
While the Pope was fighting his wars of peace in Italy, the western powers had sent explorers to chart distant land, occasionaly reports would come into the Pope's office talking about wars with peoples whose nations had weird names such as Maya and Azbec or Astec, when the Pope requested the location of these weird people the request was denied with the excuse "There is a rule against it." Surely no rule is greater then that of God!
In february, two years after the war with Tuscany, corruption problems became so large that they no longer could be ignored and somewhat succesfull effort was made to eradicate the problems. However this course of action upset those who were corrupt, Nobles and clergy alike and stability troughout the realm suffered. March the 20th saw distant Poland declare war upon even more distant and schismatic Muscovy. At almost the same time the city of Venice finaly fell to the Austrian armies. Messengers were send out by the Holy Roman Emperor claiming that "Tthe greedy Babylon had fallen to the fair and just."
Austria also expressed it's support for the League of Cambrai, and alliance directed against the perfidious Venetian merchants. The Pope expressed his support for the League a month after the Emperor did.
Sweden came to the aid of the Muscovites and declared war upon Poland.
June 7th of 1503 saw an end to the drawn out war between Austria and the Venetian scum, as Austria annexed Istria into their realm. When the French King was asked for his support in the League of Cambrai he simply ignored it. The French King must have other things on his mind then the perfidious Venetians. A mont later the Pope aquired military acces trough the Austrian lands. As with what goal he had requested was obvious to everyone. The Papal navy was no match for the Venetian one and thus he needed other means to reach Dalmatia, overland trough Austria was the only option.
In September Pope Alexander VI died of a heart attack. A month later the Cardinals had elected Julius II to be Pope. As Julius II was crowned Pope the Treasury was able to repay the loan that was taken prior to the war with Tuscany and it's allies.
His Most Eminent Holines Pope Julius II as he is being caried trough the streets of Rome
As the month November was hafway finished the Elector of Brandenburg sensing that Poland was in trouble declared war on Poland. Will the people of Northern Europe know no peace?
It was not meant to be, because while Northern Europe was in flames Savoy decided to take on the Swiss and declared war. The Swiss called in their ally Baden, while Savoy asked for aid from her allies Bourbonnais, The Papal States and France. Not all news in 1504 was about armed conflict tough, as an internal trade ordinance issued by the Duke D'Este in Mantua meant that more money would be flowing into the Papal Coffers.
In the east the situation was growing dire and more and more hectic, no one knows truly what is happening in Poland and Muscovy.
The Papal Lands at the end of 1504
And so ends the account of the History of the Papal States, Gli Stati della Chiesa or Stati Pontificii for the years 1492-1504. The land under the command of the Pope has been doubled, what plans does the warrior Pope have next? Is complete unification of the Italian lands his ultimate goal?