I see you left Brunei's Ming territories for a later time. You've enough coastal provinces to rebuild that fleet quite quickly, the only restricting factor is the cash or perhaps the rebuilding is why you haven't much cash.Await a core on Macau and you can then engineer a transfer of Hainan from Ming to Wu. Inferior tech, no admiral and you sent your numerically inferior fleet against a larger navy with a good admiral. You should have expected to lose. Keeping your fleet away from that navy would have been a better idea. It's only there to transport troops and fight much weaker enemies like Hindustan, Korea and Manchu.
Your DIP 9 ruler probably wouldn't have lasted so long without the ADM 3 drawback.
You were above the 80% BB, when bad things start to happen. You've enough cores to take, whilst the BB declines. What was the outcome of the Bohemia-Burgundy war? The next war with Manchu would provide an oportunity to take provinces to bring you a frontier with Korea.
You stated that you were going to settle the Atlantic Islands. You have currently overlooked St Helena and the Falklands.