The Collapse of the Western Front (1 August – 31 December)
In an effort to place the UN forces on the back foot, draw away allied forces from the battles to the north, and get Case Derfflinger moving again, a general offensive was launched across the center of the front. Eleventh and Fifteenth armies attacked across their entire section with the objective of advancing further into the Loire Valley. As these two armies pushed forward, the Sixteenth Army (on their southern flank) joined the attack aiming to capture Vichy. It was hoped that this would relieve the pressure on the remnants of the Fifth and Sixth armies (supported by the First and Second Panzer armies) who were embroiled in a series of battles with Anglo-American troops attempting to throw our northern wing back across the Seine.
The general offensive
Insert: Our troops move forward, prior to the attack.
By the end of July, casualties (excluding those suffered in England) had reached 160,000 men. Within days of the general offensive, casualties had increased by a further 40,000. Eleventh and Fifteenth armies overran several Anglo-French divisions and made an impressive start making gains across their entire front. The northern wing of Sixteenth Army also saw success. However, while initial gains were impressive – considering the length of time it had taken to punch other sectors of the front – they had little strategic impact. The attacks soon stalled due to casualties and the lack of fresh troops to take advantage of the situation. In the south, the French reacted with increased ferocity to the attempt to take Vichy. Not only was the Sixteenth Army halted, it was thrown back opening a gap between it and Fifteenth Army to its north. French troops poured through supported by a handful of British motorized and armoured divisions. This poised a serious situation and resulted in the First Panzer Army (already badly mauled from the fighting around Versailles) to be withdrawn south to stop a complete rout from taking place. Eleventh and Fifteenth armies withdrew to their start line while in the north, strong Anglo-American attacks had worn out our infantry reducing the Fifth and Sixth armies to mere shells of what they had been several months before. The Second Panzer Army, the last remaining mobile unit west of Paris, was unable to penetrate the Allied lines and began the process of covering the withdrawal of the Fifth and Sixth armies back across the Seine.
Since the beginning of July, the Fourth and Sixth SS Panzer armies along with the Seventeenth Army had been launching assault after assault into the “Island”, after it was discovered UN forces were withdrawing from the position. As the battle for Versailles was making no progress it was believed that this weak spot could be exploited to collapse the northern UN flank. The initial attacks went well with Amiens, Abbeville, and Beauvais falling. At one point, it had seemed this attack would succeed in crushing the northern flank of the UN forces. The UN troops (American, British, and Canadians) rallied. One by one, they retook the towns that had been lost and then pushed further taking Arras, in the process destroying the ability of the two panzer armies to fight. The UN rapidly reinforced this position producing a major threat on our northern front. The Third Panzer Army, having just cleared the west bank of the Seine and winning the battle of Versailles, was recalled and ordered to seal off the “Island” along with every fresh German division available (thus depriving the above mentioned offensives of fresh troops). Several bloody battles were fought to retake Arras, and prevent the UN from further taking advantage of the situation, but all failed. The attacks only withered the remaining strength of the Third Panzer Army making it (and the already depleted Fourth Panzer, Sixth SS Panzer, and Seventeenth armies) from being able to withstand the next phase of the UN attack.
The Canadian breakthrough: the American mobile divisions can be see,
getting ready to strike south while the Canadians attack further east.
Insert: Canadian propaganda photo depicting elements of the attack.
Under heavy artillery fire and supported by the extensive use of tanks (Canadian divisions having an infantry tank brigade as an integrated part of their order of battle), the Canadian Sixth Army launched a concentrated offensive. The Canadians quickly broke through the defenses facing Arras and advanced across the Pas de Calais. Lille and Cambrai quickly fell. The Canadian Tenth Army moved in to reinforce the corridor opened up to Belgium, while American troops were hot on the heels of the Canadians. The attack started what became known as the “Second Hundred Days”. With UN troops on the border of Belgium, the Belgian military launched a coup. Fighting broke out in Brussels between the loyalist troops of Leon Degrelle (the head of the puppet Belgian Government) and those who had been binding their time since 1940. By mid-September, UN-friendly Belgian forces had liberated their country and welcomed back the Royal family and Government-in-exile. With the Western Front on the verge of collapse, the Soviet Union chose this time to launch a massive offensive on the Eastern Front.
The battered elements of the Fourth Panzer, Sixth SS Panzer, and Seventeenth armies (along with a rag tag collection of units from other formations) found cut off in the Pas de Calais region, north of the Canadian lines. Taking advantage of the confusion in Belgium, the SS led the charge through the country towards the safety of the West Wall. While the Belgians were largely distracted in ridding the country of the fascist loyalists, they were still able to establish roadblocks and attempt to slow down the escape of our forces. While the Fourth Panzer Army fought rearguard actions against British troops, the Waffen-SS clashed with Belgian troops equipment with the latest German weaponry. Numerous tough skirmishes were fought, but the road to the Reich was kept open to allow the entire force to escape.
To the south, American mobile troops were pouring through the gap opened by the Canadians and were fanning out south. Their objective was very clear, they sought to trap eight of our armies before they could reach Germany and thus score a decisive victory. The Third Panzer Army had withdrew south in face of the Canadian penetration and well placed to engage the advancing Americans, while helping the Second Panzer Army cover the retreat of the infantry. Swirling tank battles were fought across the Champagne region of France as our panzers fought a desperate battle against overwhelming American numbers. By the end of September, the American effort had been blunted albeit with heavy casualties. While the panzers were able to stop a complete rout and ensure the withdrawal of the infantry, several divisions were isolated and captured. Further south, the First Panzer Army was able to extradite the Sixteenth Army and slow down the Anglo-French advance – and attempt to link up with the Americans – but again with heavy losses in men and material and the loss of several divisions.
By Mid-October, the vast majority of forces assigned to OB West had reached and manned the West Wall. The battered remnants of the Panzer armies were ordered east to help repel the Soviet attacks. During the final stages of the retreat, around 60,000 men were killed and over 40,000 were missing presumed captured. Thousands of tanks, halftracks, trucks, and guns had been destroyed leaving eastern France a vast scrap yard. The battlefields around the “Island”, Paris, and the Seine had given France a new “zone rouge”: a mass area of destroyed countryside littered with deep trenches and pockmarked by shellfire. Paris had fallen without a fight, and the Vichy Government moved to retake the former seat of power. The supreme Allied headquarters followed suit.
Mobile German troops pass a recently knocked out American tank.
American propaganda photo published to show the extent of the "damage caused by German forces".
The remnants of Fifth, Sixth, Eleventh, Sixteenth, and Seventeenth armies were reinforced by the troops from the former Italian Front, various static and garrison divisions, Luftwaffe and Volksgrenadier divisions bringing the total force to around 800,000 men. The West Wall had, over the preceding months, been fortified further than it had been. Millions of tons of concrete had been poured for new pillboxes and artillery bunkers, new minefields sowed, and thousands of miles of barbed wire lain. The West Wall stretched from Switzerland to the North Sea, largely based behind the Rhine (having abandoned the Netherlands) with advance positions in Alsace-Lorraine to ensure the French would pay a high price if they wanted to re-annex our territory.
Throughout October, the UN forces moved slowly up to our positions along a broad front. In total, the Allies had assembled thirty armies: Eighth American, two Belgian, four British, two Canadian, one Dutch, and eleven French. A force that close to four million strong: 1.7 million French, 1.6 million British and other imperial forces, 1.5 million American, and several hundred thousand Belgians and Dutch. With such an on overwhelming numerical advantage, it would only be a matter of time before the West Wall would be breached, but it would be a bloody battle to do so. During November and December, the Allies made numerous attempts to breach the Wall and end the war. Our troops fought hard and threw back any penetrations leaving the line intact. On 11 November, revenge was struck upon the backstabbing French. From deep inside Germany, a rocket was launched towards Paris. Timed to perfection, the warhead impacted the center of Paris at 11 am obliterating the center of the city along with the treacherous Vichy officials in a blinding light. Elements of the Supreme Allied Headquarters were caught in the attack, but such a loss was not going to disrupt the UN forces. The attack only incensed the Allied troops further, but despite their best efforts they halted their attacks in mid-December having not broken through anywhere and the weather now impeding further progress.
By the end of July, prior to the breakthrough at Arras, the Allied losses had reached 250,000. As our attacks slackened, the Allied losses dramatically decreased as they threw us on the defense and chased our men back to the West Wall. The fighting to breach the wall resulted in a further quarter of a million men, with the Americans taking the brunt of the losses. Our own had reached 400,000 in total with a further 100,000 missing. The Luftwaffe, while losing close to one thousand jet fighters during the cause of the year, had shot down over 8,000 Allied planes and achieved a 4:1 ratio in dogfighting. The bomber wing on the other hand had lost over 2,000 machines in an attempt to provide much needed ground support. The U-Boat fleet had been the last offensive element of our military. However, by the end of July and the Allied fleets having redeployed from the Pacific, their attacks on Allied convoys ceased. The few remaining boats were sunk, damaged, or chased back to port never to sortie again against such naval superiority with advanced detection methods making further attacks impossible.