The Battle of Kursk (1 September – 3 October)
During the final days of August, the various panzer armies continued to push forward in an attempt to straighten the frontline. The 1st Panzer Army attempted, in vain, to kick start the advance towards Orel once more. With our tanks hitting a wall of anti-tank guns, dug-in infantry and hull down tanks, the attacks were called off. Infantry were ordered forward to hold the line, and the panzers withdrawn in preparation to capture one of the original objectives of Operation Clockwork: Kursk. The start date for the battle was set for 1 September, this allowed for the men to rest and for additional infantry to be brought forward.
Meanwhile, in the south near the Dnieper, 3rd Panzer Army had repeatedly failed to break through. The Soviets were perhaps showing themselves to be in dire straits, or showing an evolved strategic outlook at the war. They gave up the heavily fortified position of Chornobia without a fight, which was rapidly occupied by our infantry. Likewise, they abandoned the city of Zaporizhzhya – on 15th Army’s front – without a shot being fired and were pulling back rather than fighting the infantry in the south when attacks were launched.
The plan of action for the Battle of Kursk
On 1 September, the Battle of Kursk began. Far beyond the range of aerial support, rather brute strength and speed would be relied on to achieve success. The attack would be launched by three wings, with the ultimate objective being for the two flanks to encircle the city. The northern attack was launched by the 2nd and 4th Panzer armies. In the center, a massed infantry force would support 1st Panzer Army in the frontal assault towards the city. In the south, 6th SS Panzer Army would launch the other flank attack.
All assault units met with heavy resistance, but in just three days – making up for their poor showing during the breakout battle – the Waffen SS punched through the Red Army lines. The Panzer Lehr Division – an independent army panzer division but supporting the SS – pushed on through exploiting the success and reached the outskirts of Kursk on the 5th of the month. The following day, the central front collapsed under the weight of the infantry attack. The 1st Panzer Army pushed forward, but then spent the next nine days involved in a brawl with Soviet units. After the Red Army retreated into the city, the 1st Panzer Army moved to reinforce the Waffen SS and carry on the drive to complete the southern pincer of the city.
On 8 September, Rudolf Hess - without permission - flew to Scotland. He left no note explaining his traitorous actions.
The British police immediately arrested him, and his capture was made public news. His crashed plane is seen in a British propaganda newspaper photo.
In the south, back near the Dnieper, the 3rd Panzer Army finally admitted defeat. The entire force had exhausted itself attempting to create a smaller pocket than originally envisioned during the breakout battle. The Red Army was just too firmly dug-in. Around Kursk the 2nd and 4th Panzer armies finally broke through and then struck south to aid the embattled 1st and 6th Panzer Armies. The result was, after 22 days of fighting, the city of Kursk was finally surrounded. At 1600 hours, on the 22nd, the final assault to take the city was launched.
The frontline on 12 September, showing the four panzer armies driving to encircle the city.
The Red Army responded immediately. Within hours, over a quarter of a million Soviet troops were assaulting the entire frontline around Kursk. Fighting was heavy. Heavily armored Red Air Force ground attack bombers swooped across the length of the front. Thousands of T-34s rushed forward. Artillery pulverized the earth. Infantry assault after infantry assault was launched. The Red Army was launching another epic rescue attempt for their trapped comrades.
A photo developed from the camera of a captured Soviet soldier, depicting one of the counterattacks launched.
For eleven days, the infantry and panzergrenadiers barely held the line. Tanks battles were being waged on a daily basis and our artillery gave as good as they received. The few troops not on the frontline around the edge of the pocket, were utilized in a bloody street fight to destroy the eight Red Army divisions trapped within the Kursk. Finally, on 3 October the Soviet garrison – or what was left of it – surrendered. With their comrades gone, the counterattacks ceased. The battered remains of the panzer armies - the men exhausted and missing hundreds of tanks and vehicles lost in the fighting - withdrew and were replaced by equally worn out infantry. The Battle of Kursk had claimed over 75,000 German soldiers, but had inflicted around 200,000 casualties, including around 70,000 who had been captured.
Smoke plumes rise in the background, marking the furthest point the Red Army tanks came towards this detachment of German tanks
That evening, the results of the battle were given to the commander-in-chief. On top of details from the front, were casualty reports and the latest intelligence briefing. Over the course of the year, the annihilated spy network within the Soviet Union had been slowly rebuilt. The information that they had to offer was devastating. Their reports indicated that the Red Army consisted of 461 divisions, or 4 million soldiers in the field. They went on to note that the Soviet Union had completed a new census, and had identified six million men who could be called up to military service. The spy network had also infiltrated factories and the communist economic agency responsible for industrial output, the information gathered suggested that the Soviet Union had an industrial capacity double to that of our own [Soviet IC is over 400]. Their information indicated, rather than being slowly bled white, their divisions were at full strength and the number were rapidly increasing. The ability for the Soviet Union to absorb the losses inflicted upon them, had not been impaired contrary to what the High Command had believed for so long.
Operation Clockwork had thus far cost the lives of 260,970 German soldiers, and the number of available men to be called up to replace losses was now around the 700,000 mark. While new farming techniques and other means were being developed to limit the number of men needed for industrial and agriculture purposes and thus be freed up for the army, the nation lacked the means to compete with the Soviet Union. The current operation had resulted in the capture of 206,121 Red Army soldiers, with thousands more believed missing – presumed dead – after being overrun during the advance and not taken prison. The fighting had also claimed over 464,000 Red Army soldiers. That made a total of around four million Soviet casualties since the start of Operation Barbarossa, but with four million men still on the frontline and six million more to call up the losses that had been inflicted were insignificant. The commander-in-chief declared to the assembled staff, before storming out into a depressed seclusion, "How can we possibly win this war?"
The next day, another meeting was held. Rather than detailing the failures of the Eastern Front, this meeting was to discuss the progress of the various "wonder weapon" programs that were in development. Scientists informed the military that rockets, capable of striking targets at great range dubbed the "V-2", were currently being worked on but several months away from being put into production. Once in production though, the scientists promised a weapon that could strike Moscow from anywhere currently held. The most important project, the weaponization of atomic power, was declared - by the top scientist present - to be at least two years away. Research into atomic energy and its weapons capability had been ongoing for several years, but he noted what was currently holding up the project was the lack of a large enough reactor at the Dresden nuclear facility. While construction was underway, it would be at least a year and a half until the new facilities were up and running [level 5 reactor]. The meeting did end on a positive note. The first series of short range missiles, dubbed the "V-1", had just been completed. With more under construction, this left the question of where should they be fired at. Leningrad appeared to be the only worthwhile Soviet target that was within range, but then there was London ...
One of the new wonder weapons, the "V-1", being wheeled away from the factory.