Episode Eight - Better Late Than Never (1882-1891)
Serbia had not been part of the first batch of nations to embrace the Industrialisation; first of all private investments had been slow to materialize and secondly the lack of access to raw materials had been limited until Serbia acquired her colonies. Up until the late 1860’s Serbia had ranked amongst the least industrialized civilized nations, but during the 70’s the situation greatly improved, peaking as #16 in 1880 for a few months. By 1882 Serbia’s position had stabilized as nr. 18, primarily thanks to her profitable wineries and production of high quality clothing.
Meanwhile the permanent menace to the south had been making attempts to modernize the political framework, implementing what resembled a constitution. Various sources reported of how the Sultan was increasingly worried over the empires inability to adapt to more modern ways, unable to shed the image of ‘the sick man of Europe’ as Tsar Nicolas I had depicted a few decades ago. The coming years would confirm the Sultans fears.
In the far east, The United Kingdom began yet another war against China, while Japan adopted the Meiji Restoration, allowing the country to begin a fast-paced industrialization and would quickly join the country the group of secondary world powers.
By 1883 scientists developed a vaccination against malaria, allowing colonization of still wild and unsettled areas. As Africa had already been divided by the major powers (and Bavaria had been lucky at the Congo Conference) only a few regions in Asia remained viable targets for new colonies. So a group of colonists were dispatched to the Murakeve region south of Brunei, expecting to tame the land within a few years.
The British would begin the colonization of the Kinabatangan shortly hereafter, resulting in Serbia and UK sharing a land border. A fact that caused concern in Belgrade in light of the repeated aggressions of the British in Asia.
The next few years were marked by a series of domestic events, as well as none less than 4 major scientific discoveries and the invention of the (very basic) military staff system.
Up until 1883 the only unit fielded by Serb armies had been infantry. Now cavalry would be part of the tactical deployment, the first step towards a true combined arms doctrine
The very active Women’s Rights movement would continue to press their case again and again during the decade across most of Europe. The culmination came when in 1886 France would become the first nation to introduce the woman’s suffrage.
Research was still predominantly aimed towards improvements within the army, and quickly subtypes of cavalry were developed, such as cuirassier and dragoons. The Serb army was catching up to its near rivals, both in quality but also size, now boasting 40 a max brigades (twice the size of the standing Ottoman army, although they could triple the size in case of a mass mobilization).
The navy also expanded in size, now organised into two fleets. The Asian Battle fleet of 2 Ironclads and 5 Commerce Raiders, and the Home Fleet consisting of 1 Monitor, while 6 steam transports were available for redeployment as needed.
The economical consequences of the massive increases in both army and navy were disastrous. Unable to source much of the maintenance requirements from own production, imports exploded and a solid trade deficit resulted hereof. Despite max tariffs and tax only a modest profit was made – and that during peace times. The running cost of the military was simply overwhelming and drastic reductions had to be made. Only 30 brigades would be mobilized and the fleet would part with half of its warships.
The first half of the decade was peaceful in late spring 1886 war erupted on the North American continent as the United States initiated the 2nd war of unification against the Confederate States. Only a month later the British Empire launched a war of colonial conquest (Timbuktu) against its eternal enemy of France, dragging both the North German Federation and Spain into the conflict.
In late 1886, having spent app. 3 years on mapping the jungles, Serb colonists had taken possession of the Muraleve region of Borneo. Actually the island would prove extremely valuable, as it was discovered to have both precious metals as well as rich oil resources.
Encouraged by the new additions to the realm, King Milos I ordered further missions of colonization to be carried out, this time on the island of New Guinea.
Both the NGF and Spain agreed end hostilities against France in 1887, but elsewhere a new conflict flared up; the Russian Conquest of Aleppo Region. This was good news to Serbia, who still considered the Ottoman Empire as the prime enemy. However, unable to participate in the war due to the poor reputation based on recent aggressions in Asia, Serbia followed the war with great interest.
The war came to a predictable end in 1888, when the Ottomans ceded Aleppo to Russians. The Franco-British war had also come to an end the same year, resulting in British victory, taking Timbuktu. Peace was once again prevailing in Europe, but on March 3, 1889 an incident happened along the Bosnian border, that came as a blessing for Serbia.
While the Turks were still recovering from the devastating war against the Russians, this was the best time to strike. The formal declaration of war was delivered to the Ottoman ambassador the very same day and the
2nd Serb Conquest of Bosnia was a reality.
In the years leading up to the conflict, Serbia had successfully signed alliances with Russia, Greece and the Two Sicilies, the latter a proponent of anti-Ottoman policies. Both Greece and the Italians responded positively and came to Serbia’s aid. While Greece could only field a small army, the Sicilian fleet was at par with the enemy (at least in size), whereas Serbia only had the ‘Drava’ (a monitor) available in the Med theatre of war.
The Serb strategy was similar to previous wars; defend the eastern flank against the main enemy forces, while taking control of Bosnia. Initially the Bosnian campaign went well and the defending army of 4 brigades was destroyed in a string of battles at Mostar and Sarajevo. On the eastern front the enemy concentrated most of their forces in capturing Bitola, which prompted a large-scale battle that lasted for almost a month. Despite being outnumbered, the Serb forces resisted the assaults and eventually won the day.
Shortly hereafter the Ottoman main army once again moved against Bitola, but as two of the four Serb armies were currently engaged against in Skopje, Bitola was evacuated. This way Serb forces were allowed to recuperate and receive reinforcements, while the enemy would incur additional casualties due to attrition.
By July the situation was under control. Bosnia was being occupied, while the enemy had regrouped into to formations; the main force of 40k troops in Bitola and a second army of 28k men in Durres. The Italians had landed their own army in Albania, but rather than engaging the enemy, they began laying siege. In the south the Greeks had also begun to occupy enemy terrain, although little was expected from the Greeks.
Seeking a decisive victory, the Serb army conducted a series of manoeuvres, codenamed
Operation Mousetrap, that would leave the enemy surround prior to assaulting in large numbers. The ensuing battle of Durres routed the enemy army who surrendered unable to escape.
Operation Mousetrap would be the first time Serb armies tried to encircle the enemy prior to attacking, which in case of victory would leave the enemy with no path of retreat and force them to surrender
At sea the combined Serb-Italian fleets had engaged the enemy in the Sea of Marmara, preventing enemy armies in Asia Minor from crossing over into Europe. The naval campaign for control of the straits lasted for four months, and the ‘Drava’ played an important role, taking almost no damage against the wooden ships of the Turks. Eventually the enemy ships were sunk, but more importantly, the enemy had been deprived the use of app 1/3 of his total number of brigades.
Both Ottoman and Sicilian fleets were made up of frigates, relying on wind for movement and still following the doctrine of fighting in lines. The Serb monitor 'Drava' was innovative in several respects, including the first 360 degree rotating armored gun turret on an operational warship. The hull was completely underwater and was protected by an overhanging armored deck and armored "belt". Able to move at will and with her protective hull she placed a key role in the battle
In October Serbia initiated Operation Swordfish, attempting to lure the remaining Ottoman army in Bitola into attacking a small Serb force in Salonika. Quickly additional units were rushed to the area while the successful pincer manoeuvre from Durres was attempted again.
Unfortunately the trap failed as the enemy broke off from the engagement before it had been possible to complete the encirclement. However, pursuit was given and at the battle of Kavala the Serb forces did manage to position units so that the Ottoman army was unable to retreat and forced to surrender. This was the last battle fought on the European side and instead Serb forces would fan out and begin to occupy all of the enemy areas, including Istanbul.
The enemy managed to avoid entrapment at Salonika, only to become surronded and destroyed at Kavala
Meanwhile the Ottoman ally, Persia was planning to sneak troops to Madagascar and Borneo. A single brigade was successfully disembarked at Brunei, but was quickly attacked and destroyed in December 1889.
In proximity of Cape Sainte Marie the Asian Battle Fleet intercepted the enemy transports and turned back the would-be invaders. Pursuing the fleeing ships the two sides clashed at the strategic important straits of Hormuz. Although outnumbered 4-1 the Serb modern steam powered warships would prove very efficient against the Persian frigates. Having lost 1/3 of their vessels the Persians turned away and escaped back to port. This would be the last engagement in Asia during the war.
Once again ironclad ships proved too much for wooden ships
The war would continue for months, as one province after another fell to Serbia and her allies. By August 1890 only a few provinces in Europe were holding out, while Tripoli, the Libyan coast and Crete were also being assaulted by the Serbian alliance. Amazingly the Sultan remained unwilling to concede defeat, forcing Serb and Italian armies initiate Operation Troy; crossing into Asia Minor leading to the 3rd successful encirclement of the war. General Turrisi of Naples commanded the victorious forces at the Battle of Canakkale. Although the Turks lost 18 regiments the Serb/Italian side also suffered heavy casualties in the campaign, especially from the attrition due to poor foraging as most of Anatolia was still in ruins from the last Russian invasion.
The western part of the Ottoman Empire in the hands of the enemy. As the Sea of Marmara was blocked by Serb ships the Ottoman armies were divided and unable to effective counter the invasion
The day following the destruction of the Imperial army, August 25 1890, the Ottoman Empire sued for peace. At the Treaty of Istanbul it was decided that the province of Bosnia would be ceded to Serbia, while Moldova and Wallachia would become free of indirect Ottoman rule. The Two Sicilies had demanded the Dobruja region, but King Milos I of Serbia had been against the Italians securing a foothold in the region and had ignored their claims.
The pre-war period of heavy investments in the army had brought industrialists, scientists and the army close together. It had become clear that every aspect of society had become somewhat oriented towards the military, at the expense of other areas, such as education, culture and the navy. The upside was that Serbia would continue to make advances and the armed forces would eventually become amongst some of the best trained, equipped and led in the world.
Only one year after the Treaty of Istanbul Serbia was about to get involved in a new war as Russian was calling upon her allies in a war of conquest.