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The Republic of Great Hán


The First Republic of Korea
1953 - present
Election campaign of 1954 for Syngman Rhee
The Sinuiju Student Incident of 1945
Statement of President Syngman on 20th September, 1953
Orders from the Ministry of Defense, 1954
Communique to the members of British Commonwealth Forces Korea, 1954
Communique to the Communist Provisional Government of North Korea, 1954
Statement of Minister of National Defense Shin Sung-mo, 1955
Memo from Minister of National Defense to the President, 1958

Treaties of Korea
Agreement under Article 4 of the Mutual Defence Treaty between the Republic of Korea and the United States
Permanent Establishment of the KATCOM Project
​
 
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OOC: That's actually "Occupied Puppet Korea".
 
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To the heroes of the People’s Volunteer Army
Battle Hymn of the People's Volunteer Army

​

Comrades of the People’s Volunteer Army!

It brings me great honor to yet once be with you who I once commanded, on this soil we shed so much blood for. We valiantly fought against the imperialists and their lackeys, and we were able to push the invaders back, and for that the fraternal people of Korea thank us. Now you can finally rest, as the forces of capitalist imperialism have been stopped in the south, and our frontier is secure.

You, the glorious heroes of the People’s Volunteer Army should keep your heads high as you return across the Yalu. For you all have made history, and brought back China from the age of humiliation. You are the first Chinese army in a century to defeat a Western Imperialist-Feudalist army in war! This glorious, decisive victory shall be our show of force. The roar of the New China of the Party! It shows that China is returning to the world stage, and it shows the commitment of the Chinese soldiers to Chairman Mao Zedong's great power program.

But even though the War for Korea has been victorious, the People's Republic and socialism overall remains under a grave threat! I am sure that you all will do your best to improve the army once you return to China, with your experience and your new skills. Our army is in a dire need of modernization. Let the men who defeated the Imperialists, and all their war machines, be at the forefront of the new, restructured People's Liberation Army!

An Army of the People is Invincible!

Marshal Peng Dehuai
 
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The Dominion of Pakistan

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The "Bogra Formula" (1953)

With the end of the Lahore Riots by the beginning of summer, came the installment of Muhammad Ali Bogra as Prime Minister after the dissolution of most of the former government by Governor-General Ghulam Muhammad. Bogra was a man with a modern vision of Pakistan, and was viewed by the end of 1953 as a moderate progressive with popular support. The main reasoning was Bogra's push for his now-famous "Bogra Formula".

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Prime Minister Bogra Discussing his "Bogra Formula" To Political Allies

Muhammad Bogra looked to enact a proper constitution for the nation of Pakistan, looking at keeping the balance between the western provinces and the province of East Bengal, which is located over 1,000 miles away from the capital in Karachi. East Bengal held a huge portion of the total population and economy, and Bogra was hoping to being unity and finally end the toxic political landscape made by the nation's unusual boundaries and distance.

It also made things more difficult in the current system was the ideological differences between the western provinces and East Bengal. The west was more conservative, looking to impose domination of their culture and language over the entire country. The east was leaning more towards socialism, and in more radical circles looking towards communism and separatism from Pakistan.

Bogra understood the general feelings on both sides, and made his "Formula" to bring equal status to both sides.

The main points of his formula (the most important political outline) were:

  • Bicameral Legislature with equal representation for all five provinces of the country in the Upper House. 50 seats are reserved for this Upper House.
  • 300 seats for the Lower House were allocated to the provinces using the method of Porportional Representation.
  • 165 seats are reserved for East Pakistan (East Bengal), 75 for Punjab, 19 for Sindh and Khairpur, 24 for the N. W. F. P. and Tribal Areas, and 17 for Baluchistan.
  • Both the Upper and Lower House have equal power, if a conflict is made between the two, it will be confronted in a joint session of both houses.
  • If the President was elected in West Pakistan, then the Prime Minister must be from East Pakistan, and vice versa.
  • The 2 houses of the Legislative Assembly formed the Electoral College for the presidential elections, and the President was to be elected to a term of 5 years.
  • Board of Ulema was to be replaced with the Supreme Court in deciding whether a law was in accordance with the basic teachings of Holy Quran and Sunnah or not.

With this, Bogra looked to be the architect of a modern, Democratic Islamic nation. Unfortunately for Bogra and the constitutional assembly formed to ratify a document, they were dissolved by Governor-General Ghulam Muhammad. The exact reasoning behind such actions are unknown, but the ramifications are starting to show their ugly face towards the government going into 1954 by the general populace on both sides, who unanimously agreed to this document. Bogra hopes to work with the Governor-General for a "compromise" to enact a reasonable constitution all for parties to accept and begin creating during the year of 1954.​
 
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Dr. Syngman Rhee
이승만
First President of Korea​

Dr. Syngman Rhee is a man with a burning commitment and devotion to the Korean people, who when everything went against him kept walking against the stream. No matter what fate threw at him he would not deter from his dream to see a state where the Koreans governed themselves. Free from the Imperialistic exploitation of the Korean people by the Japanese government. This man fought for our people for nearly 60 years, sacrificed everything to do what was right and what was needed. He lost his home, his family and his friends. But today he stands tall as the leader of the Republic of Korea, we have everything to thank him.

Born April 18, 1875, he were 44 years old when he became the First President of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in 1919. Before that he had already partaken in independence movements at the start of his 20's and was a known dissident for the Japanese authorities. He was eventually imprisoned in KyungMoo Cheong the year 1897, sentenced to spend the remainder of his life there. Syngman Rhee was systematically tortured by the Japanese for several years and this strengthened in his belief and drive to make Korea free of the Japanese Imperialism. However it also left deep scars in Rhee making future relations with Japan "chilly" at best. He survived seven long years of mistreatment by his captors until the Russo-Japanese War breaks out at which point he is released from the prison thanks to help from his friend Min Yeong-hwan. Rhee moved to the United States a year later in 1905 where he met with the Secretary of State John Hay and US President Theodore Roosevelt at peace talks in Portsmouth, New Hampshire and attempted to convince the US to help preserve independence for Korea, but the attempt was unsuccessful.


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Young Syngman Rhee waiting eagerly to meet with the President of the United States​

Following the March 1st Movement in 1919 he was appointed the position as President of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea that was currently located in Shanghai. In the acting capacity as the President of the Republic of Korea he notified the statesmen attending Paris peace conference in 1919 of Korea's independence. Even though he failed in gathering support in several conferences there after he never let his dreams of an independent Korea die and in 1933, he participated in the League of Nations conference in Geneva to bring up the question of Korean independence, however this attempt was also unsuccessful. But then the Japanese attacked the United States of America.

With the Surrender of Japan Rhee was flown to Tokyo aboard a US military aircraft. Independence of Korea was declared with the support of the United States and Rhee was flown thereafter to Seoul in order to assume his position as president of the Independence Promotion Central Committee, chairman of the Korean People's Representative Democratic Legislature and president of the Headquarters for Unification. Having been deeply influenced by the Japanese actions he was opposed to all foreign intervention, as such he protested at the Moscow conference where United States proposed to divide Korea into four entities. He also refused to join the first US-Soviet Cooperation Committee meeting, which was concluded without a result, he began to argue that the government of Korea must be established as an independent entity. Rhee had also in the previous years developed a strong hatred for communism which was one of the reasons why the talks failed however it suited perfectly for Harry S. Truman's policies of Containment and the Truman Doctrine which was announced and enforced Rhee's anti-communist ideas.

The United Nations General Assembly recognized Korea's independence. In the year of 1948, the Korean Constitutional Assembly election was held and Syngman Rhee was elected without competition to serve in the DaehanMinguk Jahun National Assembly, the institute to shape the constitution for the future Republic of Korea. Rhee was quite influential in creating the policy stating that the president of South Korea had to be elected by the National Assembly. The 1948 Constitution of the Republic of Korea was adopted on July 17, 1948.

A mere three days after the adoption of the constitution he was elected president of the Republic of Korea in the Korean presidential election with 92% of the votes. On August 15, the Republic of Korea was formally established and Rhee was inaugurated as the first president of the Republic of Korea.

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Shortly after however Korea faced dissidents from the northern provinces, forcing President Syngman to take desperate measures to prevent the communist rebels from harming the Republic. Several spies from the self proclaimed government of the North Korea was captured and interrogated for information on the enemy. Syngman started a campaign to increase the military and prepare the nation for the worst, an invasion by the communist puppet called North Korea in common term. However this prompted the communists to invade Korea and we were yet again in risk of being oppressed by a foreign nation.

With the upcoming elections and with the threat of communism, president Syngman tried to further the Republic by giving the power to elect their leader directly to the people in this time of need. However the amendment to the constitution to have the president elected by popular vote is rejected by president Syngman's opposition in the the National Assembly, the left parties who sympathized with the North Korean provisional government. In order to save the Republic from the same fate as was given to North Korea, a mass arrest is performed of the opposition to ensure that democracy is protected in Korea. With the help of the Americans a state of armistice with the dissidents are achieved and a status quo upheld.

Syngman Rhee gave up his youth to give us Koreans a life, a chance of our own rule. if you do not vote for him in the election you are not a patriot to this Republic and you tread on everything that we have managed to build this last decade. Vote for the reunification of our people, to end the oppressive rule of the communists and free the last half of our nation from foreign oppression!



Campaign material 1953 and early 1954 for the election on 20th may 1954​
 
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Dear Old Blighty

The United Kingdom
1945 - Present

Facing the Future; 1945-1950
The Resignation of Sir Winston Churchill; 1955
The Macmillan Ministry; 1955
The Gaitskell-Bevan Axis; 1955


Prime Minister's Office

1957
A letter from the Prime Minister to President Eisenhower


Foreign Office

1954
The Anglo-Egyptian Agreement
Final Agreement by the Allied Powers with respect to ending the occupation of Germany and Austria
The Aswan Dam Agreement
The Iranian Oil Agreement

1955
Establishment of the Baghdad Pact
Announcements and letters regarding events in the world

1956
Permanent Establishment of the KATCOM Project with the Republic of Korea
A letter to the Maltese Prime Minister, from The Earl Mountbatten
"Yes, you pillocks."
Arms Treaty between the United Kingdom and Pakistan
The Treaty of Tehran

1957
Anglo-American joint communiqué on Suez
Foreign Secretary's statement in regards to the Iraqi suspension of the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty (1930)​
 
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The Glorious History of Bulgaria

by Lyudmila Todorova Zhivkova​


I. Early Tribal History (Prehistory-681 AD)

II. The Golden Era (681-1018)

III. Greek Servitude (1018-1185)

IV. Resurrection (1185-1396)

V. Turkish Captivity (1396-1878)

VI. Free At Last (1878-1911)

VII. The Balkan Wars- Betrayal (1912-1913)

VIII. The First World War and the Era of Shame (1914-1934)

IX. The Second World War and the German Imprisonment (1934-1944)

X. Communist Salvation (1944-1949)

XII. Stalin's Buffoon (1949-1954)

XIII. The Glorious Era (1954-
 
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OOC: I'll just leave this note to new players: the new format most people use isn't mandatory. Nobody demands you write about palaeolithic cuisine of the country you're playing. But feel free if you want to.
 
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1954 Anglo-Egyptian Agreement​

Section 1 - On the Suez Canal Zone

I. Her Majesty's Government undertakes to withdraw her military forces from the Suez Canal Zone, and transfer her military bases and installations in the region to Egyptian control. This action is to be completed within a two-year time frame, concluding in 1956.

II. The administration of the Suez Canal is to remain in the hands of the Suez Canal Company for a ten-year period, concluding in 1965. At this point administration shall be transferred to the Egyptian government.

III. Her Majesty's Government affirms its recognition of Egyptian independence, territorial integrity, and her sovereignty over the Suez Canal.

Section 2 - On the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium of the Sudan

I. Her Majesty's Government and the Egyptian Government jointly agree to dissolve the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium of the Sudan, and to partition the region into two new territories: 'Egyptian Sudan', consisting of the North; and 'British Sudan', consisting of the South.

II. The boundary between Egyptian Sudan and British Sudan is illustrated in Annex A.

III. Her Majesty's Government and the Egyptian Government shall undertake a six-month transitional process to oversee and undertake the division of the Sudan and the governmental assets of the former Condominium.

IV. Her Majesty's Government renounces any claim to sovereignty or suzerainty over the territory of Egyptian Sudan. The Egyptian Government renounces any claim to sovereignty or suzerainty over the territory of British Sudan.

Annex A

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The boundary between British Sudan and Egyptian Sudan
Click to expand...

[X] - Gamel Abdel Nasser, Prime Minister of the Republic of Egypt
[X] - Sir Ralph Stevenson, Her Britannic Majesty's Ambassador to the Republic of Egypt
Click to expand...

[video=youtube;UIFWR1zK6Go]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UIFWR1zK6Go[/video]​
 
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Decisions of the 19th Central Committee of the CPSU

2nd Plenary Session (5 March 1953)

The Central Committee announces with deep grief that on 2 March Joseph Stalin, Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, has suffered a serious stroke and is unable to continue his party and government duties.

Pyotr Pospelov, Nikolai Shatalin, and Semyon Ignatyev are elected Secretaries of the Central Committee.

Leonid Brezhnev, Nikolay Ignatov, Nikolai Pegov, and Panteleimon Ponomarenko are relieved of their duties as Secretaries of the Central Committee.

Vasily Andrianov, Averky Aristov, Semyon Ignatyev, Demian Korotchenko, Vasili Kuznetsov, Otto Kuusinen, Vyacheslav Malyshev, Leonid Melnikov, Nikolai Mikhailov, Panteleimon Ponomarenko, Mikhail Suslov, Dmitry Chesnokov, Nikolay Shvernik, and Matvei Shkiryatov are relieved of their duties as full members of the Presidium of the CPSU.

Mir Jafar Baghirov, Leonid Melnikov, Panteleimon Ponomarenko, and Nikolay Shvernik are elected candidate members of the Presidium of the CPSU.

Leonid Brezhnev, Andrey Vyshinsky, Arseny Zverev, Nikolay Ignatov, Ivan Kabanov, Alexei Kosygin, Nikolai Patolichev, Nikolai Pegov, Alexander Puzanov, Ivan Tevosian, and Pavel Yudin are relieved of their duties as candidate members of the Presidium of the CPSU.

Nikita Khrushchev is relieved of his duties as First Secretary of the Moscow Regional Committee of the CPSU.

Kliment Voroshilov is nominated for the post of Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

Georgy Malenkov is nominated for the post of Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR.

Lavrentiy Beria and Lazar Kaganovich are nominated for the posts of First Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers.

Vyacheslav Molotov is nominated for the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs.

It is recommended that the Ministry of War and Ministry of the Navy be combined into the Ministry of Defense of the USSR. Nikolai Bulganin is nominated for the post of Minister of Defense.

It is recommended that the Ministry of State Security be absorbed into the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR. Lavrentiy Beria is nominated for the post of Minister of Internal Affairs.

Grigory Kosyachenko is nominated for the post of Director of the State Planning Committee of the USSR.

NOTE: All recommendations and nominations of the Central Committee were implemented by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR by 24 March.

3rd Plenary Session (14 March 1953)

Georgy Malenkov, Nikolai Mikhailov, and Averky Aristov are relieved of their duties as Secretaries of the Central Committee.

4th Plenary Session (2-7 July 1953)

Semyon Ignatyev is relieved of his duties as Secretary of the Central Committee.

Lavrentiy Beria is relieved of his duties as full member of the Presidium of the CPSU.

Mir Jafar Baghirov and Leonid Melnikov are relieved of their duties as candidate members of the Presidium of the CPSU.

The appointment of Sergei Kruglov as Minister of Internal Affairs of the USSR is confirmed.

The appointment of Maksim Saburov as Director of the State Planning Committee of the USSR is confirmed.

5th Plenary Session (3-7 September 1953)

Nikita Khrushchev is elected First Secretary of the Central Committee.
 
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OOC: Kingdom of Libya placeholder under construction

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Private musings from King Idris I.
 
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A Brief History of East Germany
Prologue: In the Wake of Nazi Germany​

It was not until February 1945 that the status of post-war Germany was decided by President Roosevelt, Prime Minister Churchill, and Premier Stalin. The now famous Yalta Conference made official the plans of the Allies for a political redrawing of the map of post-war Europe, particularly what to do once the Third Reich, then in its death throes, was finally eradicated. As early as 1943, Stalin hoped to find allies in some of the most prominent pre-war German communists and socialists; men like Wilhelm Pieck of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) and Walter Ulbricht of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) (and later the KPD) were seen as potential leaders of a post-war communist satellite state (the former having participated in the Spartacist uprising in 1919, and then going into exile in Moscow following the Nazi takeover in 1933; the latter was a deserter from the Imperial Army, and later a Reichstag member for South Westphalia during the Weimar years). With the end of the Nazi regime clearly close to coming to an end, many German exiles -- particularly socialists and communists -- began preparing to return to the Soviet occupation zone in the East.

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Wilhelm Piecks (L) and Walter Ulbricht (R), two prospective leaders of the communist German government​

Initially, both the Soviet and Western democratic governments sought to de-militarize and de-Nazify the whole of occupied Germany in preparation for unification under a single democratic administration. However, by late 1946, there were already significant (and growing) differences between the Soviet occupied zone and the join American-British-French zones. As a form of reparations for the damages inflicted on the Soviet Union and her people during the Great Patriotic War, up to 60% of East German industries were confiscated and either dismantled completely or brought East into the USSR's newly-acquired territories. Though similar dismantling of war industries took place in the West, it was not nearly on such a scale as this. With many German workers losing any chances of keeping their job, and with the quality of life abysmal in war-torn Germany, thousands fled to the West starting in 1945. This trend would continue into the 1950s.

Politically, as well, the East differed from the West almost immediately. In the East there was witnessed a decree by the Soviet Military Administration in Germany (SMAG or SMAD) in June of 1945 that allowed the (re)formation of anti-fascist political groups. Until 1949, this decree allowed a surprising amount of variation among the parties, perhaps the most particularly striking being the existence of the Liberal Democratic Party of Germany (LDPD), which advocated the principles of classical liberalism (evidently, this party was soon reformed to espouse ideas that were more "friendly" towards socialism). In April 1946, with the Soviet occupation administration pressuring them both, the KPD and SPD joined forces to form the largest political entity in the Soviet zone, the Socialist Unity Party (SED).

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The Socialist Unity Party of Germany logo; the hands represent the meeting of the SPD and KPD under one name​

When the most dissident members of the (now former) SPD loudly protested the merger, citing political oppression by the Soviet occupation authorities, many were imprisoned on charges of treason or the like. Many were stripped of political and economic privileges, while others were sent to the gulags of Siberia. The actions of the Soviet occupation authorities were lauded by many Soviet allies in East Europe -- and even by many Westerners -- for the systematic legal (and extra-judicial) punishments of Nazi war criminals. Similarly, the American, British, and French administrations in West Germany were heavily criticized by the communists in Eastern Europe for not thoroughly persecuting forming Nazis consistently or harshly enough. Holdings of land larger than 100 hectares were confiscated and given in small amounts to the influx of German refugees from the East (primarily the formerly German territory in Prussia and Silesia). By early 1949, there was talk among the highest echelons of the SED for creating a new German state, free of Soviet occupation; these dreams would be realized that very same year.
 
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Austria Divided. The postwar years of Austria.​

After World War II, Austria was a divided nation. The Allied Powers clung onto various regions of Austria, with the French controlling the west, the Americans controlling the northwest, the Brits controlling the south, and the the USSR controlling the most land, the northeast and east. The great city of Vienna was most comparable to the city of Berlin, as it was divided into different zones. The zones of control in Vienna mostly matched the zones of control that Austria was divided into. The Soviet Union had the East, the Americans had the northwest, the French had the east, and the British had the south. Of course, there were some exceptions, but it was still divided.

The power that was most involved with Austria during the postwar period was the Soviet Union. On April 20th, 1945, the Soviet Union had Karl Renner form a provisional government to control Austria. On April 27th, Austria declared independence from the Third Reich, and Austria was free from German tyranny. Austria's provisional government was not recognized by most of the great powers of the time, with American President Harry Truman denying him recognition. These were the first of many obstacles that Austria would encounter.

On September 25th, 1945, the first general elections for Austria would be held. The grand coalition of the Austrian People's Party, and the Social Democratic Party of Austria swept the elections, with Karl Renner being elected President. Renner appointed Julius Raab to the position of Chancellor, but the Soviet Union would not accept Raab as Chancellor, so Leopold Figl was appointed instead. Austria emerged as a mostly independent nation after the Allies signed the Second Control Agreement, which took away most powers over the Austrian Parliament that the Allies held, and things were looking up for the people of Austria, who had suffered so much.

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The zones of control in Austria.​

The government of Austria was reminiscent of the First Republic of Austria, with a President and a Chancellor heading the government. As of January 1954, Theodor Körner was the President of Austria, with Julius Raab serving as Chancellor. Both Körner and Raab were members of the Austrian People's Party, which was a center-right party. The Austrian People's Party was anti-Marxist, yet always put the people of Austria first. In 1954, the Austrian People's Party was in a grand-coalition with the Social Democratic Party of Austria at the time, and they seemed to navigate the political waters of the Cold War very well.
 
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Decree of the RSFSR Council of Ministers
"Concerning the Transfer of the Crimean
Oblast' from the RSFSR [Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]
to the UkSSR [Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic ]"

5 February 1954​

Nº 156

Moscow

Considering the territorial inclination of the Crimean Oblast' toward the Ukrainian SSR, the commonality of the economy, and close economic and cultural ties between the Crimean Oblast' and the Ukrainian SSR, the RSFSR Council of Ministers decrees: consider it advisable to transfer the Crimean Oblast' from the RSFSR to the UkSSR [Translator's note: UkSSR is a transliteration of the Russian abbreviation for the Ukrainian SSR].

Request the Presidium of the RSFSR Supreme Soviet to consider the issue of a transfer of the Crimean Oblast' to the UkSSR and go to the Presidium USSR of the USSR Supreme Soviet with an appropriate decree.

Chairman of the RSFSR Council of Ministers
A. Puzanov​
Administrator of Affairs of the RSFSR Council of Ministers
I. Gruzdev​
 
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L' Histoire de France

1954-Présent
Indochine, l'Algérie et l'Union Française, 1954
En Ce Qui Concerne Les Allemagnes et l'Autriche, 1954
La Situation en Algérie et le FLNLa Situation en Algérie et le FLN, 1955
La Communauté Européenne, 1955
Le Plan de Développement Économique et Social en Algérie ou Plan de Constantine, 1955

Notes Diplomatiques
En Ce Qui Concerne l'Offre Iranienne, Adressée au Ministre Iranien des Affaires Étrangères, 1954
En Ce Qui Concerne la Situation Concernant l'Iran, pour les États-Kindom et les États-Unis d'Amérique, Communiqué Secret, 1954
Concernant le Protocole Iranien, 1954

Mémorandum Interne
10e Division Parachutiste, Mémorandum Interne (1955)

Traités de France
Traité de Hanoi (1954)
Accord Définitif par les Puissances Alliées par Rapport à la fin de l' Occupation de l'Allemagne et l'Autriche (1954)
Le Traité de Strasbourg (1955)



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Vin et Eaux-de-vie
Beaujolais Nouveau
Côtes du Rhône
Bordeaux
Chablis
Champagne
Alsace
Beaujolais
Jura
Savoie
Côteaux du Lyonnais
Côtes de Provence
Languedoc
Roussillon
Plaine d'Aléria
Gaillac
Bourgogne
Sancerre
Touraine
Anjou et Saumurois
Muscadet
Jurançon
Chardonnay
Cognac
Armagnac

Fromages
Brie
Roquefort
Comté
Camembert
Reblochon
Époisses de Bourgogne
Chèvre
Boursin

​
 
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[FONT= "Times New Roman"]Innu Malti: Malta's Colonial Past and Present​

After the heroic actions of the Maltese people during the Second World War, for which the entire island was awarded both the George Cross by His Majesty the King and a Presidential Citation from Franklin D. Roosevelt, it was decided by the Governor in consultation with the Imperial government in London that Malta could be granted a new constitution.

Malta was entirely unique among British colonies because of her long history and tradition of constitutional home-rule. After the ouster of the Knights of St John by Napoleon, the Maltese swiftly organised a rebellion and invited the assistance of the British, who duly obliged. From 1800 to 1813 Malta was a British protectorate under the auspices of the Kingdom of Sicily until it was directly annexed as a Crown Colony. It was then that the Maltese were granted the Bathurst Constitution, the first of many, which guaranteed them basic rights as subjects of the Crown in return for the island's annexation.

It was four constitutions later (those of 1835, 1849, 1887, and 1903, all of which granted various degrees of autonomy, usually under an elected council) that the first serious spark of Maltese discontent arose. The Setti Giugno Riots were a series of riots which arose, appropriately enough, on the seventh of June 1919. The Maltese economy had stagnated with the end of the Great War, with only a select few importers and exporters -- mainly serving the population of British servicemen on the island -- growing fabulously wealthy. In the midst of rising discontent the Maltese National Assembly was busily engaged in drafting a memorandum to the Colonial Office, trying to compromise between the extremist faction which demanded independence from the Empire and the moderates who merely wished for greater autonomy.

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A British ship at anchor in Grand Harbour, 1896​
On the aforementioned seventh of June the National Assembly was convened for a second time to try and draw up a resolution. As with previous meetings of the Assembly this proved to be an occasion of some unrest as crowds gathered. The cause of the riots in this instance can be traced back to a rather innocuous matchstick: a flag. One of the shops along the avenue where the Assembly was meeting had hung a Maltese flag which was, as proper, defaced with a British flag in the canton. The crowd promptly broke in and tore the offending object down.

This turned out to have been letting the cork out the bottle.

The crowd, which swiftly began to morph into a mob, proceeded to rampage through Valletta and tear down every Union Jack they could possibly lay their hands on. The broke into the offices of pro-British papers and destroyed the press machines and into government buildings to throw the furniture out into the streets and set it ablaze. Then they began to harass guards outside military offices. The mob by this time had grown into the thousands and the soldiers were sorely outnumbered. In what the more historically-minded would compare to the Boston Massacre, the terrified soldiers cracked and fired a ragged volley into the civilian crowd. The situation spiralled out of control and reinforcements had to be called in. The resulting suppression of unrest lasted for days, and any semblance of home rule was done away with.

For all the tragedy of those events they ended up being the catalyst for the institution of the Constitution of 1921, which for the first time resulted in full representative government, albeit with very limited powers. Over the course of the years this constitution would be withdrawn twice, both times in the Thirties under Prime Minister Gerald Strickland and his Constitutional Party. The first occasion was over the Church's dispute with the Constitutionalists; which grew to the point where the Prime Minister asked for the constitution to be withdrawn after the Church declared voting for his party to be a mortal sin. The second was over a budgetary issue, the British displeased by a vote to apportion funds for the teaching of Italian. This withdrawal of the Constitution stuck, until three years later in 1936 when a more limited constitution was granted to the Maltese; allowing them to nominate members of an executive council. It was only in 1939 that provisions were made for an elected legislative coucil.

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By God's help Malta will not weaken but will endure until victory is won​
It was only after Malta's famed and heroic role in World War Two that Malta was granted full and complete representative government (yet with still very limited prerogatives) in 1947. Since then the politics of the island have been dominated by the opposing Labour and Nationalist parties, each with their own smaller coalition-building allies and each taking a firm stance on the issue that has come to define Maltese politics: where to go next. The Labourites, lead by Dom Mintoff, and their allies in the Maltese Workers' and Constitutionalist parties, have long been in favour of integration with Great Britain under a devolved government; while the Nationalists and Progressive Constitutionalists favour a dominion status and independence.

With the re-election of Giorgio Borg Olivier and his Nationalists in the 1953 election so far neither the Maltese nor Imperial governments have begun talks on the future of Malta. Neither particularly want to, as each looks dimly on the vision of the other. But whatever the case may be, it is clear that Malta's century-and-a-half of colonial history is drawing to a close. A bright new future beckons for the Maltese people and they have only to reach out and grasp it.[/FONT]
 
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Communist Salvation (1944-1949)

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Georgi Dimitrov​

On September 9, 1944, the people rose in unison against the unfortunate King Boris. The king was a good man who tried his best to keep Bulgaria out of the clutches of the evil Nazi alliance, but it was time for the people of Bulgaria to sweep away the vestiges of the ancient feudal order. With help from the heroic Red Army, a people's government was established. Bulgaria's lost son. Georgi Dimitrov, returned home to lead his people [...]

Collaborators were punished and the corruption of capitalism was purged from the new republic. Unlike the western propaganda states, a free and fair election was held where the Bulgarian people overwhelmingly supported the construction of the new order with guidance from the Soviet Union. The nation prospered under Dimitrov's watch despite the tremendous destruction from the war and all citizens were freed from the barrier of class division and poverty [...]

Stalin's Buffoon (1949-1954)​


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Vulko Chervenkov​

Shortly after the war, the United States and Soviet Union engaged in a contest of global supremacy. The Soviet Union became corrupted by the disease of imperialism and began to unwittingly imitate its western rival. Stalin, always a harsh man, began to exert tighter control over the worker-friendly regimes on the Soviet border. For Bulgaria, this meant another period of foreign domination. The same pattern of glory and defeat in Bulgarian history occurred once again. It had happened in the Middle Ages as the First Bulgarian Empire was brought down by the Greeks, when the Turks took down the resurrected empire, and when the Germans took hold during both world wars. History repeated itself as Stalin destroyed Bulgarian independence [...]

Stalin's choice to exert his will was Vulko Chervenkov. Fearing the close ties between Tito and Dimitrov, Stalin sent his henchmen to create his new order and poisoned the noble Dimitrov. Chervenkov was a cruel and ruthless sycophant who sought to starve the Bulgarian people into submission. Agriculture was Stalinized against the will of the peasantry, resulting in thousands of deaths as it had in Ukraine. The church was ruthlessly suppressed and cultural life stagnated. Any sign or hint of Bulgaria's natural ingenuity and cultural brilliance was destroyed and repressed; only Russian culture and Russian methods could be praised. Conditions became intolerable and the Bulgarian spirit was at its lowest point since her humiliating defeat in the Great War. She would need a hero to save her in her hour of need [...]
 
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