Bonus Chapter: Battle off the Gulf of Tunis
Arnaldo Brioli was relieved, he had just crossed the border between Spain and the british colony of Gibraltar.
His false spanish passport had worked and he had gained an entrance to the british city.
This man was an italian spy, working for the "Servizio Informazioni Militare", or SIM, his job in Gibraltar was to report all kinds of allied naval movements to and from the Mediterranean sea.
The date was September 3th 1939, nine days ago Italy had declared war against France, this late entry to the war allowed Italy to prepare herself, and italian spys were already in Francoist Spain waiting for orders.
Arnaldo was lucky, some of his colleagues had been assigned to neutral Portugal for counterintelligence duty, very dull indeed.
First few days went quietly, the italian spy mostly walked around the town and tried to listen for anything important, acessing the british base in the area proved impossible, due to very strong security.
The biggest thing that would happen in Arnaldos career came on the morning of September the fifth, he was enjoying his morning coffee in the balcony of his hotel, when he saw a number of children running towards the harbour.
He took out his binoculars and gazed towards the strait of Gibraltar, and there he saw black smoke columns rising towards the sky.
Ships! No, fleet of ships!
Arnaldo almost jumped off the balcony, but restrained himself and calmly walked out of the hotel, and into the streets.
Ships in the straits were french vessels of war, certainly something Rome wants to know about, these ships were from the french Atlantic Fleet, coming to reinforce the Mediterranean fleet.
The fleet had two battleships, three heavy cruisers, five light cruisers and some 24 destroyers, the battleships were ancient pre-dreadnoughts of the Danton-class, not a real threat because of their slow speed. (19 knots)
Those battleships were the only ones the spy recognised from the ship identification charts they studied back in Italy.
Arnaldo immediately wrote his report in a nearby cafe and sent it to Madrid, from there it would be sent to Rome, the spy took another look at the french ships, his work was done for now.
ROME SEPTEMBER 6th
Office of the Chief of Staff of the Italian Navy
06:30
Ammiraglio di Armata, Domenico Cavagnari, had just arrived to his office, grumpy from too few hours of sleep, he immediately met with his staff who had received news from Spain.
"Okay, what is so damn important, that it cant wait for few more hours?" Said Cavagnari, and took a sip from his coffee.
One of his young staff officers handed him Arnaldo Briolis report about the french fleet movements.
"In addition to this, we also received report from Toulon, that the french fleet has left port, mission unknown."
Before Cavagnari could say anything, Vice Admiral Arturo Riccardi barged into the room.
"Please sir admiral forgive my late arrival, getting a plane from Taranto proved harder than i expected, i was rather suprised to hear that the meeting began already, wasn't it scheduled to begin at 10:00?"
Admiral sat down to his chair and looked at the exhausted Riccardi.
"Vice Admiral Riccardi, this is not the meeting we were supposed to have, this is an emergency meeting, caused by sudden french fleet movements, and if i know our leader, wich i do, you should get to your plane and fly back to Taranto at once."
Riccardi looked annoyed, but then his face got brighter.
"What are my orders then? To raise anchor and sail against the french fleet? This is certainly something i would very much like to do. We could finally test the ships of the Littorio class against the enemy."
Just then an telegraph operator came to the room.
"Sir, a telegram from Mussolini: Your orders are to intercept the enemy fleet and destroy it, send both the first and second squadrons to do this task, also you must avoid the british mediterranean fleet.
Naval bombers from Sicily are at your disposal, happy hunting! DUCE."
Orders were clear, the first squadron, centering around Italy's battleship force, ( Conte di Cavour, Giulio Cesare, Andrea Doria, Caio Duilio, Littorio, Vittorio Veneto and Roma)
left their base at Taranto almost immediately, their commander was Ammiraglio di Squadra designato di Armata (Vice Admiral) Arturo Riccardi. (He flew to Sicily were he boarded his flagship Vittorio Veneto)
The Second Squadron was based in Genoa, and its centre were the four brand new battlecruisers of the La Spezia class. ( Taranto, Genoa, La Spezia and Milano)
The commander of the Second Squadron was Vice Admiral Inigo Campioni.
Taranto Navalbase
Admiral Domenico Cavagnari, Chief of Staff of the Italian Navy
Vice Admirals Arturo Riccardi and Inigo Campioni
TYRHENIAN SEA, NEAR THE ISLAND OF SARDINIA, SEPTEMBER 8th
Two squadrons united into one battlefleet and proceeded towards the coast of Tunisia.
Commanding officer: Ammiraglio di Squadra designato di Armata Arturo Riccardi
Fleet flagship: battleship Vittorio Veneto
Strength of the italian fleet:
7 battleships
4 battlecruisers
5 heavy cruisers
1 seaplane carrier
14 light cruisers
40 destroyers
5 submarines
Battleship Littorio at sea
COAST OF ALGERIA, SEPTEMBER 8TH
French fleet was anchored near the Algerian capital of Algiers.
Commanding officer: Vice-amiral Jean-Pierre Esteva.
Fleet flagship: battleship Bretagne
Strength of the french fleet:
8 battleships
1 aircraft carrier
9 heavy cruisers
1 seaplane carrier
8 light cruisers (two of them british)
75 destroyers (five british)
1 heavy submarine
Battleship Provence
150 Km (90 Mi) OF THE GULF OF TUNIS, SEPTEMBER 10TH
01:36 The french fleet was reported by one of the italian submarines operating in the area, nine capital ships of varying size.
Vice Admiral Riccardi gave the order to go to battlestations.
02:02 Italian battleship Vittorio Veneto opens fire
02:04 Italian battlecruiser Milano opens fire
02:06 French battleship Provence opens fire
02:23 Italian navy enjoys technological superiority over the older french vessels, but the gunfire has been frustratingly inaccurate.
02:36 Disaster! The Conte di Cavour-class battleship Giulio Cesare suffered a critical hit from a 340mm shell of the french flagship Bretagne,
her engines were disabled, and rear turrets malfunctioned.
02:45 French heavy cruiser Foch fires several torpedoes at Giulio Cesare, two of them hit and order is given to abandon ship.
03:13 The battle turns when the italian naval bombers arrive from their base in Sicily.
They quickly succeed in sinking the french aircraft carrier Béarn and the heavy cruiser Tourville.
03:32 The brand new italian battlecruiser La Spezia, with the help of its sister ships, destroys the french dreadnought Jean Bart with its 320mm guns.
03:41 Both fleets have suffered damage, french more than the italians.
Nerves of the french admiral Esteva are beginning to crack, tough both admirals are thinking of retreat.
03:53 After one more french destroyer goes under the waves, the french deploy smoke, and begin to retreat.
04:13 The french destroyers suffer heavy losses and two more heavy cruisers are lost.
04:21 Vice Admiral Riccardi chooses not to pursue the fleeing french, because of the extensive damage to several italian vessels.
04:23 Final shots of the battle were fired by italian light cruisers, who sunk the french heavysubmarine Surcouf when she attempted to dive,
Surcouf was the biggest submarine constructed so far, and she took over two minutes to dive to a depth of 12 m (39 ft).
Vittorio Venetos broadside.
Heavy cruiser Gorizia firing at the french destroyers.
French cruiser Foch.
Giulio Cesare fires her forward turrets, moments before being torpedoed by Foch.
French aircraft carrier Béarn dissapears into the smoke.
French heavy cruiser Algérie.
The french "submarine cruiser" Surcouf, with its ridiculous 203mm main guns.
Italian navy limps back to Taranto, battleships Caio Dulio and Roma took severe damage, both were towed to the harbour by their sisters.
Nearly all members of the Trento class heavy cruisers took considerable damage and battlecruiser Milano was flooded with over 500 tons of water before she reached the dockyard.
Battleship Littorio needed some escort in order to get to the drydock, she too took "some" water into her.
Battledamage in the deck of Conte di Cavour.
Battle off the Gulf of Tunis ended with an italian victory, pyrrhic victory, but victory nonetheless.
Vice Admiral Arturo Ricardi was promoted to Ammiraglio di Armata (Admiral), he also received a new decoration of the Italian Fascist Republic, the Golden Fasces Order, 2nd class.
This battle was the first major engagement between battleships since Jutland, the world followed this victory very closely.
Il Duce visited the victorious sailors of the fleet, few days after the battle.
He expressed his gratitude towards the men of the navy for keeping the french at bay.
Mussolini continued by promising to the fleet, that soon it would be strong enough to engage the british in the open seas.