[X] - Chen Yi, Minister of Foreign Affairs, for the Government of the State of China
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[X] - Chen Yi, Minister of Foreign Affairs, for the Government of the State of China
Fighting in the Streets of Montgomery
It was no surprise to President Johnson that the condition at home was deteriorating at a rapid pace in terms of race relations. A southerner himself, he cared little for the Civil Rights movement, but the recent few years showed race relations becoming more and more tense across the country. As Apollo 11 soared off to the moon, a movement by African-American Muslim minister and human rights activist Malcolm X convenes in Alabama. Widely regarded as the leader of the Civil Rights movement, his voice drowned out the more moderate members, such as Martin Luther King, Jr., a christian pastor from Georgia, who was in jail for his civil disobedience in Alabama.
Malcolm X announced the Selma to Montgomery march, which was against the extremely racist and backward Alabama government, headed by the Segregationist George Wallace. He was able to catch wind of this movement, and quickly ordered Alabama state troopers to attack anyone suspected of being with Malcolm X and taking part in this march. What became known as "Bloody Sunday" over three thousand African Americans were murdered, beaten, or arrested by the Alabama state police.
Alabama state police on Bloody Sunday.
While it seemed that the march was pacified, Malcolm X quickly showed up a week later in Montgomery, Alabama, with a massive following of his civil rights protesters. It was estimated that over ten thousand African Americans turned out against the governor, who quickly ordered a police crack down. Malcolm X had prepared for this, and around three hundred armed agents of his were deployed against the police, resulting in a battle in the streets that alarmed all of the residents. The local KKK quickly came out to help support the state police, but they too were overwhelmed.
With fighting starting around nine AM, around noon, the remnants of the police and the KKK were forced to take shelter in the Alabama capital, which raised the Confederate flag in protest against the rioters. They stormed the building around one, and Governor Wallace was able to escape through a back door, before quickly getting into a helicopter and fleeing the city. In Washington, President Johnson met this shock and confusion, before quickly announcing that the National Guard would be mobilised to take the Alabamian capital back.
By the time the National Guard arrived, the city had devolved into pure anarchy. Black lynch mobs had killed the KKK leadership, much of the city council, as well as other high ranking members of government, including Federal Officials. After tough fighting, the National Guard was able to secure the city, and arrest the leaders of the movement. Malcolm X was killed in the fighting. By the time it was over, as Apollo 11 lifted off from the Lunar Surface, over six thousand people perished.
Senate Majority leader Robert Kennedy called the actions from both sides deplorable, and that he would seek to gain passage of a Civil Rights Act through the Senate. It was unlikely, however, that President Johnson would sign it. If there was one thing for sure, it was that any white person in the South would refuse to vote for a Republican for a century. In Georgia, the most progressive Southern state, they passed their own localised Civil Rights Act, granting full and equal protection under the law for African Americans. The Democratic and Dixiecrats had imploded in Georgia, leaving it under the control of the Republicans. Senator Kennedy hailed the move by Georgia, as it seemed increasingly likely he was maneuvering for a bid to replace President Johnson.
Republic of Iraq
Al-Jumhuriyah Al-Iraqiyah
My fellow Iraqis and Arab brethren,
The events of this year have been troubling to say the least. Miscommunication between the government and the command of the Iraqi Missile Defense Systems lead to them being aimed at Iranian targets. The Iranians, being alerted of this fact, decided that instead of taking the peaceful route of diplomacy that they would rather deploy military units to our border. Thus, we responded by deploying our own units and through the course of the crisis there was some cross border attacks that did result in loss of life. It had almost seemed as if war between our two nations was inevitable but thankfully the United States intervened and drew up a solution.
The Iranian Government has signed it, but before doing so word has reached us that their Prime Minister has bashed the Iraqi People, Nation and Government. He has declared that we are aggressors, that we are imperialists, that we are to blame. I wholly disagree with that, it takes two to make a quarrel. Whilst many of you would call on me to declare war against Iran, I shall not do so. No brothers and sisters, I shall sign these accords. Not because I am work or because I think Iraq is weak, but rather because I know we are the strongest, the almighty, the true children of Allah. Thus we shall pay no heed to Iranian slights or petty attempts to undermine use, instead we shall stand tall and proud.
Moving to the international stage, I welcome the development of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and gladly add my signature to it on behalf of the Iraqi people. I am most certain that it will lead to the threat of nuclear warfare being lessened, and in the future even eradicated, and usher in a new age of international co-operation, from which Iraq can only benefit.
Abd al-Karim Qasim al-za‘īm, Prime Minister of Iraq, Father of the Arabs, Heir of Babylon, Defender of Mesopotamia
Bismi-llahi R-raḥmani R-rahim
Pakistan has experienced war. We stood, died and bled as the vanguard of the Communist revolution of India reaped its heavy toll. Millions of migrants came to Pakistan for safety, a new life and a chance to live outside the reach of a terrorist revolutionary regime. We will not stop at anything to defend our independence and our people from the Communist menace. We will not sign a treaty against a weapon that has taken no lives, but can serve as a deterrent from further conventional wars happening.
We are not the United States. We cannot hide behind two oceans, protected by huge fleets, and manipulate others into fighting for us. We are not the Soviet Union – our manpower reserves are limited and our army is small in comparison to the legions that can be summoned by Red India to fight us if it comes to war. We will use any weapon to protect ourselves, especially if that weapon prevents wars instead of starting them.
Pakistan has never started a war, and we will never do. But we will defend ourselves, no matter the cost.
La ʾilaha ʾil ʾallah, muḥammadun rasulu-llah
Allahu Ackbar
Pakistan has experienced war. We stood, died and bled as the vanguard of the Communist revolution of India reaped its heavy toll. Millions of migrants came to Pakistan for safety, a new life and a chance to live outside the reach of a terrorist revolutionary regime. We will not stop at anything to defend our independence and our people from the Communist menace. We will not sign a treaty against a weapon that has taken no lives, but can serve as a deterrent from further conventional wars happening.
We are not the United States. We cannot hide behind two oceans, protected by huge fleets, and manipulate others into fighting for us. We are not the Soviet Union – our manpower reserves are limited and our army is small in comparison to the legions that can be summoned by Red India to fight us if it comes to war. We will use any weapon to protect ourselves, especially if that weapon prevents wars instead of starting them.
Pakistan has never started a war, and we will never do. But we will defend ourselves, no matter the cost.
La ʾilaha ʾil ʾallah, muḥammadun rasulu-llah
Allahu Ackbar
The government of Venezuela could not agree more with the sentiments offered by our friends in West Germany. The current draft of the NNPT does nothing more than offer promises towards the goal of eliminating nuclear weapons from the world. The inhumane nature of these weapons has been confirmed, and the recent developments in Latin America indicate that even the development of a handful of these weapons can create a crisis and push a whole continent towards war. The government of Venezuela, having previously made a commitment to not develop nuclear weapons, will again re-affirm this commitment.
[X] Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
However, the government of Venezuela intends to go further, and invited all non-nuclear weapon countries to go further. Article VII of the NNPT requires nuclear powers to commit to "general and complete disarmament." Failure to do so must have repercussions. Therefore the government of Venezuela proposes the following resolution for the consideration of the OAS General Assembly:
"The Organization of American States, committed to the general and complete disarmament of all nuclear weapons as outlined in the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, as well as to all of the other restrictions and conditions outlined therein, resolves to take the following measures: the OAS will automatically impose the harshest economic and political sanctions against any country party to the NNPT that either develops nuclear weapons, increases its stockpile of nuclear weapons, or fails to make significant progress towards disarmament of nuclear weapons over the course of five years."
The government of Venezuela invites all non-nuclear weapon countries to make a similar binding pledge in order to ensure that nuclear disarmament becomes a reality rather than just a vague promise.
[X] Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
However, the government of Venezuela intends to go further, and invited all non-nuclear weapon countries to go further. Article VII of the NNPT requires nuclear powers to commit to "general and complete disarmament." Failure to do so must have repercussions. Therefore the government of Venezuela proposes the following resolution for the consideration of the OAS General Assembly:
"The Organization of American States, committed to the general and complete disarmament of all nuclear weapons as outlined in the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, as well as to all of the other restrictions and conditions outlined therein, resolves to take the following measures: the OAS will automatically impose the harshest economic and political sanctions against any country party to the NNPT that either develops nuclear weapons, increases its stockpile of nuclear weapons, or fails to make significant progress towards disarmament of nuclear weapons over the course of five years."
The government of Venezuela invites all non-nuclear weapon countries to make a similar binding pledge in order to ensure that nuclear disarmament becomes a reality rather than just a vague promise.
The words spoken by the representatives from Venezuela have a certain degree of wisdom to them, they have a good foundation of what the world should aim for and in part they read as if written by a well meaning child. The governments of South America, nearly to their entirety, have not hardly known war or occupation or national enslavement. I myself believe that had the government of Brazil the option of defending their nation using a weapon such as the nuclear bomb, many more people would be alive today that perished in the barbaric invasion of that nation. Korea does have a recent history we must recognize of occupation, brutality at the hands of foreigners and what would easily be called modern enslavement by the former governments of Japan. We are bordered upon land by two nations vastly more powerful than Korea that have a history of warfare, expansionism or a history of indirect rule of other nations and their people. In an ideal world no government would have a military budget, no citizens would be required to serve on front lines against people eager to kill them and brutalize their people but this is far from an ideal world. The United States government, military and her people have shown a strong willingness to place their own interests, wealth and lives on the line to defend others. We do fear for our own safety, but we do not fear waking up today and wondering if today is the day our life will end because a foreign occupier desires our life to end for whatever insane petty reason.
I will sign this treaty as is on the condition that the government of the United States of America never loses their focus and current attitudes about others. So long as their brave and noble soldiers are willing to place their lives on the line for others, we trust with full faith into the security that a nuclear armed America provides for us.
Syngman Rhee~President of the Korean Republic
This treaty is to assure that the friendship both our nations hold onto remains and that the relations between our nations strengthen.
Thank you,
Minister of Foreign Affairs Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud.
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From a speech to the OAS General Assembly by Arturo Uslar Pietri,
"Men and women of the Americas, we are here today to talk about peace. For decades this organization has ensured that our beloved continent remains at peace. The principle of international peace is enshrined in our founding documents, but also, more importantly, in the consciousness of our people. International disarmament is one of the goals which the OAS was founded to achieve. And I am proud of the fact that we were the first to recognize the massive danger of nuclear weapons and moved swiftly to ban their development and deployment in our countries.
Despite our efforts there are, today, enough nuclear weapons in the world to end all life on our planet. Three times over. A nuclear holocaust has moved from the realm of imagination to the realm of cold, hard, truth. Despite this, those countries that have nuclear weapons insist that more must be built. The ability to destroy the world three times over is not enough apparently, they must have the power to do it ten times over, or maybe one hundred times over. I have heard people say that the buildup of nuclear weapons is necessary to keep the world safe. This is madness. In a war between nuclear powers there will be no winner. And all of us will be the losers, whether we are involved in the conflict or not.
We have all seen the crisis that the development of nuclear weapons brings. On our own continent we have had to face the outcome of a rogue state developing these terrible weapons. Because of this we must be active members, active participants, of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. The spread of these nuclear weapons, if it is allowed to happen, will be a tragedy for the entire human race.
Our participation, however, has to be conditional on the nuclear powers abiding by their part of the bargain. The Treaty requires them to commit to the general and complete disarmament of nuclear weapons. So tell me, how can countries commit to the general and complete disarmament of nuclear weapons and, at the same time, talk about doubling, or quadrupling, their stockpile of these weapons? The answer is that the nuclear powers have no intention to disarm and they will not disarm unless we hold them to account.
More nuclear weapons will not lead to safety. They will lead to more Los Alamos disasters, to more accidents like in Chile, and eventually to nuclear holocaust, whether by intent or by accident. All we ask is that the nuclear powers save the world from this fate, stop the pointless buildup of nuclear weapons, and show progress towards disarmament. This is the least that these powers owe to the people of the world.
And if any nuclear power is not willing to take even these minor steps to prevent a nuclear holocaust in which all of humanity will perish, then it is not a friend of the people of the Americas.”
A speech by the Soviet Permanent Representative to the UN General Assembly:
The Soviet Union, desirous of peace and international tranquility, is prepared to discuss plans for a gradual drawdown in nuclear force, to discuss limitations on the size of an individual nation's nuclear arsenal, and to further explore the aims of the clause of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty calling for general nuclear disarmament. It is prepared to do so with the United States, a nuclear power of equal size and significance, with whom the Soviet Union can claim rough nuclear parity. It is prepared to do so with Great Britain and France, as global powers possessing nuclear force and substantial overseas influence. It is prepared to do so with Italy, its trading partner, likewise a global nuclear power of significant stature. And it is prepared to do so with China, a growing socialist state and nuclear power in its own right, with whom the Soviet Union shares a substantial land border and trade ties.
One of the nations that will not play any role or part in these discussions, if they do occur at the collective sovereign will of the nuclear states, is Venezuela. Venezuela will not be asked to contribute to or sign the treaty, for Venezuela is not a nuclear state. Venezuela will not be consulted on treaty language or asked to offer its opinion in any form, for Venezuela is, to be generous, a regional power with no significance outside its chosen area. And Venezuela's views on the interests and beliefs of the American region will not be solicited, because that is better left to a leading American nation of proven responsibility and sound judgement, a category from which Venezuela has completely disqualified itself. The fact that the Venezuelan government has manipulated the voting structures of the OAS through its economic domination of a handful of post-colonial island nations whose populations would disappear into any Soviet oblast has not gone unnoticed, but it could not be of less importance to the Soviet Union, save that it damages the cause of internationalism.
This example of the tail wagging the dog, of small nations forcing their beliefs and positions on their larger neighbors through the craven manipulation of international structures, is why those nations are so reluctant to enter into international organizations, to cede any scrap of power or influence to those organizations even if it is necessary for their basic functioning. Without the willing participation of the world's superpowers and powers, no international organization will possess the relevance it needs to achieve lasting change and further the cause of international brotherhood and peace. The OAS no longer serves as a shining exemplar of the prosperity and peace it has worked so hard to bring to the Americas under the United States' leadership, but as a cautionary tale of what can happen to well-meaning nations once their agendas are hijacked by power-hungry petro-despots desperate for their chance to shine in the world spotlight. It is more than just sad and a source of profound regret: it's dangerous. When a national government that irresponsible and that insulated from consequences has the opportunity to exercise substantial influence on the global stage by proxy, only to hide behind the coattails of the larger nation it has extorted into doing its bidding, it further reinforces the negative stereotype that international agencies are anti-sovereign and designed to destroy the nations which take part in them.
That is why the Soviet Union states, categorically, that it will not be manipulated or threatened by the Venezuelan government, that it refuses to consider the jingoist and rabidly xenophobic views of the Venezuelan government as indicative of views within the Americas as a whole, and that it will not set its foreign policy according to the desires of a regional power with whom it shares no diplomatic relations or trade ties. We will disarm our nuclear arsenal, but we will do so on our own timetable and in accordance with our own sovereign foreign policy, in consultation with those nations we deem to have actual relevance in the field of nuclear force.
Nikolai Trofimovich Fedorenko
Permanent Representative of the Soviet Union to the United Nations
The Soviet Union, desirous of peace and international tranquility, is prepared to discuss plans for a gradual drawdown in nuclear force, to discuss limitations on the size of an individual nation's nuclear arsenal, and to further explore the aims of the clause of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty calling for general nuclear disarmament. It is prepared to do so with the United States, a nuclear power of equal size and significance, with whom the Soviet Union can claim rough nuclear parity. It is prepared to do so with Great Britain and France, as global powers possessing nuclear force and substantial overseas influence. It is prepared to do so with Italy, its trading partner, likewise a global nuclear power of significant stature. And it is prepared to do so with China, a growing socialist state and nuclear power in its own right, with whom the Soviet Union shares a substantial land border and trade ties.
One of the nations that will not play any role or part in these discussions, if they do occur at the collective sovereign will of the nuclear states, is Venezuela. Venezuela will not be asked to contribute to or sign the treaty, for Venezuela is not a nuclear state. Venezuela will not be consulted on treaty language or asked to offer its opinion in any form, for Venezuela is, to be generous, a regional power with no significance outside its chosen area. And Venezuela's views on the interests and beliefs of the American region will not be solicited, because that is better left to a leading American nation of proven responsibility and sound judgement, a category from which Venezuela has completely disqualified itself. The fact that the Venezuelan government has manipulated the voting structures of the OAS through its economic domination of a handful of post-colonial island nations whose populations would disappear into any Soviet oblast has not gone unnoticed, but it could not be of less importance to the Soviet Union, save that it damages the cause of internationalism.
This example of the tail wagging the dog, of small nations forcing their beliefs and positions on their larger neighbors through the craven manipulation of international structures, is why those nations are so reluctant to enter into international organizations, to cede any scrap of power or influence to those organizations even if it is necessary for their basic functioning. Without the willing participation of the world's superpowers and powers, no international organization will possess the relevance it needs to achieve lasting change and further the cause of international brotherhood and peace. The OAS no longer serves as a shining exemplar of the prosperity and peace it has worked so hard to bring to the Americas under the United States' leadership, but as a cautionary tale of what can happen to well-meaning nations once their agendas are hijacked by power-hungry petro-despots desperate for their chance to shine in the world spotlight. It is more than just sad and a source of profound regret: it's dangerous. When a national government that irresponsible and that insulated from consequences has the opportunity to exercise substantial influence on the global stage by proxy, only to hide behind the coattails of the larger nation it has extorted into doing its bidding, it further reinforces the negative stereotype that international agencies are anti-sovereign and designed to destroy the nations which take part in them.
That is why the Soviet Union states, categorically, that it will not be manipulated or threatened by the Venezuelan government, that it refuses to consider the jingoist and rabidly xenophobic views of the Venezuelan government as indicative of views within the Americas as a whole, and that it will not set its foreign policy according to the desires of a regional power with whom it shares no diplomatic relations or trade ties. We will disarm our nuclear arsenal, but we will do so on our own timetable and in accordance with our own sovereign foreign policy, in consultation with those nations we deem to have actual relevance in the field of nuclear force.
Nikolai Trofimovich Fedorenko
Permanent Representative of the Soviet Union to the United Nations
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THE UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATION
TREATY ON THE NON-PROLIFERATION OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS
[X] Delegation for Australia
Signed, Sir Robert Menzies, Prime Minister of Australia
A message from Minister of Defence Sultan bin Abdulaziz.
Saudis, today I bring forth an announcement on behalf of the King. At the end of the year, our navy will see a major upgrade and expansion with the purchase of over 40 Cruisers from our ally Italy. This naval expansion will make sure that the Royal Saudi Navy is capable of defending the waters of Saudi Arabia and our allies. Finally, to help extend and improve our Anti-Aircraft capabilities, 20 of the 40 Cruisers purchased will be of the Anti-Aircraft variant, newly developed in Italy.
Thank you,
Minister of Defence Sultan bin Abdulaziz
République Française
French Republic
La Marseillaise
On Nuclear Power and the Americas
For the last decade, our relations with the Americas have been strained. France continues to oppose all that threaten her sovereignty, and has shown her dedication to freedom. The lands we once colonized have risen up thanks to our efforts, and will soon take their role in the concert of nations. They never were part of France. But the integral parts of the Republic shall never be given up on. This was our stance back then, it remains applied.
But the tragedy we have witnessed in the Americas, with thousands dying, and the events of the planned invasion if Quebec - a sovereign country as well - make us think back on what happened. France and the United States have a long history, and we were recently fighting communism in India. It thus appears strange for the relations top break down so rapidly. Truly, the downfall of Canada and the infringements of the OAS upon our sovereignty were hard to accept. But good Franco-American relations are needed for the world to stand united against Communism. Moscow cannot be trusted and on every front we must this hateful ideology, until mankind reveals in freedom.
This is why France extends a friendly hand to Washington. France also formally guarantees Quebecois independence and asks the United States to openly pledge the same. Once Quebecois independence is assured, Quebec will have to sign the NPT, that France shall sign right now. Quebec needs independence and safety, but acquiring such weapons would only endanger the Quebecois and Francophone cause in North America. We also ask them to destroy all chemical weapons they may possess and to sign the Geneva Convention concerning said weapons.
France is thus signing this treaty, but we will keep our place in the world, and I thus announce the creation of the Deterrence Force, a branch of the army, that will be created to ensure that if any country seeks to destroy us and launches nuclear warheads against us, we will be able to wipe them out of the surface. This mutual self-destruction should be enough to make any country - no matter how despicably jingoistic - think twice before invading us.
Long live France!
Georges Bidault, President of the Council of Ministers