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The Third Italian War for Independence


The Italian Government enacts the Italian Armaments Bill of 1867 into law, massively increasing the output by Italian factories in Piedmont. The bill was to ensure that the Italian Army was massively supplied with weapons and other equipment. The massive expansion in Piedmont caused economic growth to explode in Northern Italy, and the public opinion was soaring higher and higher.
[-£2,472,583 to Italy. +25% Equipment to Italy. +0.89% Economic Growth to Italy. +16% Public Support to Italy.]

The United Republics begins a massive propaganda campaign to mobilise the citizens of the United Republics to fight against the tyranny of the Italian Monarchy. Thousands of men quickly take up arms, and the Republican Army marches to Aquila, in an attempt to defend against any and all Italian attacks.
[+146,204 Conscripts to the United Republics.]

While this was going on, the government in Naples takes the time to buy weapons, most of which where purchased from the French Empire. News of this caused a deep, and powerful, anti-French sentiment amongst all of the people of Northern Italy. This massive anti-French sentiment helped the Kingdom of Italy, as they tapped into this to raise their standing amongst their own population.
[-£1,952,601 to the United Republics. +10% Equipment to the United Republics. +14% Public Support to Italy.]

The United Republics demands, and takes, all of the land of the Nobles who still resided within the United Republics. While they only had a mild discontent for the Republican government, they soon broke out in open rebellion against them, promising many more money than the government could give, and the King’s Italian Regiment was formed, a pro-Monarchist Army that quickly set to try and destroy the Republican government from within.
[+£15,269,204 to the United Republics.]

The opening moves by the Italian Government was to establish a complete blockade of all ports held by the United Republics, which quickly shuts down their trade.

In a meeting, Giuseppe Garibaldi quickly begins to formulate the plans for the capture of Apulia from the United Republics. The Italian's dominance of the seas around the United Republics allowed Garibaldi to attempt a daring strategy. With the approval of the Italian Army, Garibaldi takes himself, and fifty thousand soldiers, and lands in Bari, quickly moving south to secure the rest of the Apulia Peninsula. No resistance was met in the peninsula, as it had been taken over by the nobles. Garibaldi's Army, along with some recruits, moves to try and capture the town of Potenza from the Republicans.

The first movements are taken by Garibaldi, who, having done a naval invasion, was poorly equipped, but the spirits of his army where high. The Republicans had large amounts of French Arms, and quickly moved to try and resist the movements of Garibaldi's Army. Many screaming for the independence of Naples, the preservation of their way of life, and for disunity to overtake the Peninsula.

Moving quickly to the city, the Republicans put up their first line of defense. Many of the men, however were just farmers a few weeks ago, and many struggled to use the cannons and the weapons they purchased from the French. Garibaldi's skilled army quickly used several flanking maneuvers, forcing the Republicans to surrender, and with them, a large amount of valuable equipment, cannons, and guns, that Garibaldi quickly redeployed, and focused on the city.
[-4% Equipment to the United Republics. +4% Equipment to Italy. -1,203 Regulars to Italy. -35,204 Conscripts to the United Republics.]

Garibaldi quickly moves in to try and capture the city. The city itself, offers to surrender to Garibaldi, but the Republican Army attempts to put up a defense anyway, looking to try and stop the Italians from gaining anymore ground. This, in it of itself, was the worst mistake they could have made. Garibaldi's Army began negotiations with the city's government, and asked for help against the Republicans Army. They agreed, and soon the Republicans were assaulted from both sides, where they were forced off, and disengaged, retreating to the south.
[-582 Regulars to Italy. -3,104 Conscripts to the United Republics.]

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Fighting at the Battle of Potenza.

The bulk of the Italian and Republican Armies, however, met in several battles along the border between Italy and the United Republics. With Garibaldi's campaign in Apulia, the Italian Army was determined to surge into the United Republics, link up with Garibaldi, and crush the rebellion. The massive success of Garibaldi made the Italians confident, marching into the area with massive amounts of arms and cannons. Upon reaching L'Aquila, the Republican Army simple collapsed when they attempted to put up a resistance.

Fighting continued as the Italians moved into the south, restoring Italian Order first and foremost. The Republicans continued to crumble under the might of the Italians, as the strength of the Republican government was seen to be less than was originally through.
[-3,602 Regulars to Italy. -38,205 Conscripts to the United Republics.]

A tough choice faced the United Republics. Many estimates showed at this rate, the Italians would win a total victory by the end of the year. The strength of the Monarchist movement, as well as Italian Nationalism, seemed too much compared to the ideas of Liberty, Freedom, and Equality. What worked within the Commonwealth of the Danube, seemed to not have any effected in southern Italy.

 
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My Countrymen, the Republic of the South is falling! The "United Republics" has collapsed under the weight of it's own illegitimacy. The farmers of Naples are misguided into thinking that dying on the plains of Apulia and Napoli. Let not the fishermen of Sicily die the same way. I call upon the wayward government to lay down their arms now and submit to the proper authority of the Italian Kingdom.

Addressing the anti-French sentiment that is purveying the Kingdom, today we need to focus on the rebuilding of Italy. We cannot look outwards if we cannot stand together. I ask the notable members of our Government, military and public to focus on the reintegration of Naples into Italy, and not seeking retribution against French Capitalists for making money.

Viva il Regno Italia

King Vittorio Emanuele Maria Alberto Eugenio Ferdinando Tommaso di Savoia II of Italy​
 
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The German Empire


Until such time as the Danubian regime withdraws its baseless slander directed at our Empire and issues a full and sincere apology on the subject, Germany will continue to withhold diplomatic recognition of their so-called republic. As a patriotic German, I am outraged that an upstart gang of Viennese rebels would publish such inflammatory accusations during a period of great difficulty for our nation. This is further proof that this republican movement, while initially based in sincere belief and a desire for progress, has been wholly co-opted by opportunistic greed and lust for power. So long as the Danubians continue to act in such an outlaw fashion, there can be no formal relations between us.

While we remain a steadfast friend of the United States of America, which exists as a stark counterpoint to the irresponsibility and crass behavior of the Danubian regime, we are forced to recognize the reality of the American Civil War's outcome. Therefore, the German Empire hereby extends full diplomatic recognition to the Confederate States of America. While we continue to oppose the vile institution of slavery and wholeheartedly endorse its abolition in the Americas, we believe that civil discourse will be a far more effective method of persuasion than the current uncomfortable silence between our two nations.

On behalf of His Imperial Majesty, Wilhelm I, German Emperor and King of Prussia,
Otto von Bismarck
Chancellor of Germany and Minister-President of Prussia
 
The Treaty of Luso-Dutch Understanding

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Reino de Portugal

[X] King Luís I of Portugal

As of the signing of The Treaty of Luso-Dutch Understanding, our forces have marched into the territories along the Congo River formerly claimed by both the Dutch and Belgians. While we realize the area formerly claimed by Belgium had not been a part of this treaty, the Kingdom of Belgium is currently in no state to hold a colony, let alone one that was unjustly taken. While these areas are now returned to the control of the Kingdom of Kongo, Portuguese forces will remain in the area in order to preserve peace as both Dutch and Belgian forces evacuate the area.

~ King Luís I of Portugal
 
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The Confederate States of America
Deo Vindice

It is with pride that I present to the world the Treaty of Havana.

The Treaty of Havana

The attending representatives from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Confederate States of America, and the Kingdom of Spain do, in a spirit of cooperation, goodwill, and animated friendship between nations, agree to the following:

I. The rights of ownership for the Island of Cuba shall be ceded from the Kingdom of Spain to become a territory within the Confederate States of America, for a return sum of £18 million.

II. After the territorial transaction of the Island of Cuba between nations, the rights of ownership for Guantanamo Bay, and the surrounding area, shall be leased from the Confederate States of America to the United Kingdom, for an indefinite period.

III. All three aforementioned nations involved with this Treaty shall receive most favored nation status within the two others, and trade tariffs within these countries shall be no higher than any other European nation that engages in trade with that nation.

IV. The Kingdom of Spain, the Confederate States of America, and the United Kingdom shall formally recognize the territorial possessions of each of the other two states within the Caribbean region as rightfully belonging to that nation.

And so, with Almighty God as witness, we sign this treaty into law and full effect.

[X] Judah P. Benjamin, Secretary of State, for President Jefferson F. Davis of the Confederate States of America
[ ] Representative for Queen Isabella II of the Kingdom of Spain
[ ] Representative for Queen Victoria I of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

~ Jefferson Finis Davis, President of the Confederate States of America
 

The United Republics of Sicily and Naples

Fear not my brethren for we shall win this war, even now in the face of defeat we must stand strong. We cannot allow the tyrant of Italy to win this war, this isn’t just about our own freedom, its also about our children and grandchildren’s freedom. We cannot allow them to be servants of the Tyrant who will call them to arms to fight for land and wars they neither care nor want for, we have sacrificed our blood to be able to stand here today and i ask you to march with me against the Tyrant. Not for money, not for land, not to become rich BUT FOR THE FREEDOM OF OUR CHILDREN!
 
Caribbean Squadron of the Royal Navy

In light of the hostile attitude taken by the United States of America towards the United Kingdom and Her Majesty's possessions in the Western Hemisphere the Royal Navy will establish the Caribbean Squadron, to be based at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Until relations with the United States reach an appropriate, cordial, tone the Royal Navy North America and West Indies Station will be reinforced with additional ships. Until further notice the North America and West Indies Station will, at all times, have assigned to it an equal or greater number of ironclad ships that are in service in the United States Navy.
 
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The Republic of Chile
La República de Chile

I would like to confirm the cease-fire that has been implemented between Chile and Argentina. Our nations have no need to continue fighting as we have negotiated a reasonable treaty to allow Chile to return to peace. As such, I order all reserves to be immediately demobilized. It is my hope that with this peace we shall shift our focus to domestic affairs. Our nation is in need of improvement. Our children require better access to education to provide us with a skilled workforce. We need to encourage further immigration to our nation and our army needs to be returned to its former strength. We need to further exploit the vast mineral resources our nation has been blessed with and expand our rail network to cover more of our country. We need to encourage industrial and economic growth. Chile has the potential to become prosperous and powerful. All that is required is for us to dedicate ourselves to our nation and I believe that all of us can do this.

~ President José Joaquín Pérez Mascayano
 
OOC: Sorry for the short IC; internet access here is rather spotty for me.

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We congratulate our Argentine allies in their victories over the Chilean army, and now that Chile has proffered the branch of peace, we hereby accept. The Empire of Brazil hereby accepts the Chilean offer for cease-fire, and will end all hostilities between our armed forces. We likewise call upon the caudillo Lopez to see reason and surrender as well.

Furthermore, due to continuing reversals, it has been decided after consultation with the senior command that I will be returning to the capital in order to help encourage the home front. In my absence, the Marquis of Caxias will take overall command of the Army of the South, with my utmost trust and confidence that he will ensure a decisive victory.

- His Imperial Majesty Dom Pedro II, Constitutional Emperor and Perpetual Defender of Brazil
 
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Our peace talks with Chile have born fruit, and we are pleased to present the Treaty of La Plata which shall bring peace between Chile and the proud nations of Argentina and Brazil!

Treaty of La Plata
  1. The presently unclaimed and un-colonised land of Patagonia shall be recognised as being the lawful and legitimate territory of Argentina
  2. Chile shall renounce any and all claims to Argentine territory, including both the current territory of Argentina, and the territory outlined in the previous section of this treaty
  3. Argentina shall recognize Chile's current territory as being the lawful territory of Chile, and shall renounce all claims on the recognized territory
  4. Chile shall pay $2 million dollars (US) to Argentina and Brazil, to be split equally between the two nations, to compensate for damages caused on behalf of the Chilean-Paraguayan alliance
  5. A truce lasting ten (10) years shall be implemented between Chile and the nations of Argentina and Brazil

[X] - President Santiago Derqui of the Argentine Republic
[X] - Dom Pedro II, Constitutional Emperor and Perpetual Defender of Brazil
[X] - President José Joaquín Pérez Mascayano of the Republic of Chile

With this treaty, we can focus ourselves on dealing with the nation that caused this war, and all the loss of life and sorrow that it has brought. Paraguay shall feel the might of the combined Argentine and Brazilian forces!

~ President Santiago Derqui of the Argentine Republic
 
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Βασίλειον τῆς Ἑλλάδος

As a political strife threatens to tear our country apart, I have called the Second National Assembly of the Hellenes, which shall take place in Athens and it shall be drafting a new Constitution for the Kingdom of Greece.

~ Otto I, King of Greece
 
Oh with great sadness we announce the Death of Emperor Komei! His son Newly crowned emperor Meiji will surely lead or nation to greatness!.
With that in mind The Emperor has announce that what killed his father was not a disease but the incompetence of the shogunate in leading the country to greatness! Finish the job by surrendering to the russian without even fighting first! He has declared that if we continue to have a shogunate japan will be divided by the great powers by peaces and the Japanese people enslaved and so The Tokugawa shogunate is hereby disbanded All its national and international power and representation is handed to the imperial house with the emperor at its head. The shogun is asked to accept this decree as he is ought to to or be forced to do it by the True loyal Japanese. Therefore all loyal forces to the emperor are call to be raise and all forces loyal to the shogun to accept the emperor as the new head of power to lead japan to a glorious destiny!

signed by
Imperial Announcer
 
The Paraguayan War


The war in South America – now called by some disgruntled Brazilians as “Pedro's War” - took an interesting turn in 1867. As all the countries prepared for another round of mobilization, support continued to drop for the war effort in Brazil. The failures of the Emperor, the Duke of Caxias, and the entirety of the Imperial Army to dislodge the smaller Paraguayan Army had brought about the creation of a movement, called by the Emperor himself the “copperheads”, who argued for peace for a de-escalation of the conflict. Despite this, many more men were recruited for the cause, along with those in Paraguay and Argentina.
[+8,000 conscripts to Argentina, +40,000 conscripts to Brazil, +30,000 conscripts to Paraguay]

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Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil – known for his administrative capabilities, and not so much for his military ability​

Emperor Pedro, after his inability to decisively defeat the Paraguayan Army with himself in command, ceded control of the Imperial Army to the Duke of Caxias. The Duke himself was an experienced army officer, having served in the war against Portugal in the 1820s. Now, he commanded the large majority of the Brazilian Imperial Army. He drew up a new strategy that would incorporate the complete re-deployment of the army; the Imperial Navy began traveling back up the Paraná River, with the Imperial Army traveling on the banks, marching north at a strength of over 180,000 men. After passing north through Resistencia again, the Brazilian Army caught the sight of the Paraguayan Army, under General Díaz. Díaz quickly marched southwest with his army of 80,000, placing himself between the Brazilians and the Paraguayan capital of Asunción. Even then, the Argentine Army under General Mitre traveled north, retaking all occupied land that had once been taken by Paraguayan troops. His army, nearly 50,000 in size, joined with the Duke of Caxias' own force to create a formidable army of close to 230,000, in comparison to Díaz's own army, which was paltry in comparison.

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Jose E. Díaz, beloved and trusted General of the Paraguayan Army​

The two forces met – along with the Brazilian Navy, and a few Paraguayan gunboats – just ten miles south of Asunción on August 17. The Argentines were on the western bank, the Brazilians on the east. The majority of Díaz's force was on the eastern bank, while about 15,000 were placed on the western bank to fight General Mitre's force. The Brazilians advanced with a wall of infantry several regiments deep, almost 5 miles in width, pushing north through a heavy barrage of Paraguayan artillery fire. As Caxias urged his troops forward, riding out directly in range and sight of Paraguayan artillery – inspiring his men forward in the name of Brazil, their families, and God -, General Díaz did the same, urging his troops to defend their homeland, as defeat would mean destruction and death. The Paraguayan line on the East bank, anchored on the southern side of the small town of Viletta ten miles from the outskirts of the city, began opening fire on the Brazilian advance. Díaz himself was there, leading the several thousand Paraguayans in the area. Fighting intensified as both the Duke of Caxias and Díaz committed more and more regiments to the fighting in and around Villeta, and it soon turned into the focal point of the fighting on the east bank.

Meanwhile on the west bank – around the same time, about 1130 hours – the Argentines began to press the much smaller Paraguayan force facing them. Those 15,000 troops were under the command of Díaz's lieutenant, General Bernardino Caballero. He established his defenses directly across the river from the town of Villeta, and was determined to not give way to Argentine pressure. General Mitre ordered his own advance – watching across the river in awe and somewhat jealousy at the much larger Brazilian advance – and hoped to quickly Break General Caballero's forces before Caxias could do the same to Díaz, quickly cross the river, destroy the Paraguayan army from the rear, and then enter Asunción unopposed. Thus, Mitre ordered all of his cannon to participate in the initial attack, giving the command “Not to stop until the enemy ceases to exist.” Thus the Argentines advanced, under the ferocious cannon and rifle fire of Caballero's corps, who were determined not to give their position to the enemy.

Back across the river, Caxias had ordered nearly 50,000 Brazilian infantry to close in on Villeta and to break the Paraguayan defenders. When General Díaz heard word that Caballero had been wounded and carried back to the medical facilities in the capital to be treated, Díaz took it upon himself to travel relentlessly and repeatedly across the Paraguay River, braving cannons and rifle fire as he went, to inspire one side and the other as the enemy gained ground amid thousands of casualties. With several horses shot from underneath him, he continued relaying orders between each side himself, barely keeping the Paraguayan defense intact.

Around 1300 hours, after thousands of casualties inflicted on both sides, the town of Villeta was ceded to the Brazilians, who made headway simply through force of numbers. Díaz quickly reorganized his units on the east bank and ordered a brutal counterattack, hoping to disorganize and break the hurried Brazilian troops. Initial success was hopeful, but when the Duke of Caxias led the countercharge – famously shouting “Those who are true Brazilians among you, follow me!” – the Paraguayan left slowly began to collapse.

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The Duke of Caxias famously leading the Brazilian charge at Villeta​

Díaz, shortly after his failed attack on the east bank, quickly traveled to the west, where the Paraguayan defenders – heavily outnumbered – were barely holding out against repeated and bloody Argentine advances. Mitre was determined to break the Paraguayans and reach Asunción before Caxias – to prove the mettle of the smaller Argentine army – but Díaz was aware of the overconfident but determined Argentine general he faced. He ordered his second counterattack – a charge of 10,000 Paraguayans against a bloodied Argentine army of over 40,000 – at around 1400 hours.

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Díaz – on the brown horse, center-right – leads the second counterattack, on the west bank​

Here, Mitre and Díaz were just yards away as they led their troops in the brutal fighting in the afternoon. The Paraguayan left continued to collapse in the facing of rapidly increasing Brazilian strength, with the Duke of Caxias pressing onto the outskirts of the Paraguayan capital. Díaz, amidst the deaths of hundreds of the men under his command, finally ordered a withdrawal, to which Mitre ordered an immediate countercharge to drive the Paraguayan right from the field. By now the Paraguayan left was nearly entirely broken and the Brazilian troops were entering the capital en-masse.

Díaz maintained control over the remnants of the Paraguayan right, however, and received reinforcements in the form of men running from the Brazilian army. Using what remained of his cavalry reserve – the famed Paraguayan “Republican Battalion” – he masked his withdrawal to just north of the city. Slowly remnants of the Paraguayan army rallied at his position, as the bloodied Argentine and Brazilian armies moved to occupy and secure Asunción. At 1530 hours, a company of Imperial troops seized the Presidential palace, capturing President Francisco López as he tried to escape. He was summarily executed on the spot – for reasons people today quite don't understand.

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President Francisco López of Paraguay, executed August 17, 1867 by Brazilian troops after the fall of Asunción​

Gathering the remains of his army, it is said that Díaz wept as his army withdrew west, far from the occupied capital. The Duke of Caxias and General Mitre were hailed as nothing short of absolute heroes in both Brazil and Argentina, and they had surely broken the back of the Paraguayan capability to wage war. The Duke of Caxias and his ability to hammer out a major victory greatly helped the public's view of the war – and of the Emperor. However, there was still much to still happen.
[-15,671 regulars, -39,105 conscripts to Paraguay. -19,692 regulars, -5,284 conscripts to Argentina. -10,014 regulars, -32,383 conscripts to Brazil. Asunción captured, +5% public support to Brazil]

Even after the seemingly disastrous defeat at the hands of the Argentine and Brazilian Armies, the Paraguayan people were not quite ready to give up fighting. Some 30,000 Argentine troops, under the command of General Donato Álvarez, were conducting an expedition into Paraguayan territory, east of Asunción. They were marching to the town of Coronel Oviedo, where they planned to set up shop to conduct raids deeper into enemy territory. However, General Álvarez was caught by surprise when his army – divided into several columns several miles from one another – were ambushed by prepared and waiting Paraguayan militia. These troops fought ferociously, disappearing into the underbrush as soon as a company of Argentine infantry were ready to fire.

Hundreds of Argentines were killed or wounded within barely an hour, and Álvarez attempted to call for a retreat to end the bloodshed; he, however, caught a musketball to the forehead, and the Argentine army lacked any and all command. Company commanders were taking leadership of entire divisions in an attempt to restore order, but conflicting orders from different officers, coupled with the smoke of black powder filling the air and messing with the accuracy of volleys from infantry, continued to spell doom for the Argentines. After five grueling hours of constant firing at nearly invisible enemies, General Mitre arrived with 10,000 reinforcements to assume command and drive the enemy off; by this time, the damage had already been done, and the Paraguayan guerrillas had withdrawn back into their own territory.
[-4,958 conscripts to Argentina, -297 conscripts to Paraguay]

There was still to be one final event that would change the nation of Paraguay forever, and would possibly change the outcome of the war.

On the night of August 19, just several days after the battle of Asunción, a man by the name of Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph stepped into the square of Concepción, the provisional capital of Paraguay. He began speaking of the injustices and failures of the republican government of Paraguay, and the failure of the President to effectively defend the capital and its people from the invading armies of Brazil and Argentina. With the crowd cheering at his back – among them several dozen Paraguayan soldiers – he stormed the provisional presidential palace, arresting the acting president and all members of Congress. On that spot – in Concepción on August 19, 1867 – he proclaimed a revolution, and the beginning of the Kingdom of Paraguay, with himself as King – Maximilian I. The crowd cheered; this man would surely lead them to victory in the war.
[Paraguay now a constitutional monarchy]

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Maximilian I, self-crowned King of Paraguay, circa 1867​

It remained to be seen, however, if Maximilian I of Paraguay would continue the War effort, or sue for a peace. Being a Habsburg, he had strong ties with former Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria in Brazil. Should he use those ties, it is likely he would be able to get a favorable peace deal.

 
((Yay for Argentina! Massive casualties, but we try :p I don't envy that new King, Maximilian. Got his throne by promising victory, but he is expected to try and peace out due to his family connections. Not the best spot to be in! :p))
 
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States of the Church
Although the health of His Holiness is taxing to him, he wishes to make it known that the Holy Mother Church, the Holy See, and the Papal States recognise the German Empire, the Commonwealth of the Danube, and the Kingdom of Paraguay. To the monarchs, the Holy Father wishes a long and prosperous reign; to the President he wishes foresight and wisdom. He also expresses his goodwill towards the Kingdom of Italy and her recent achievements.

In Christ,

His Eminence, Giacomo Antonelli;
Cardinal Secretary of State for His Holiness,
Pius PP IX
 
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I don't think it needs saying, but as a formality, The Kingdom of Italia formally recognizes the German Empire and the Kingdom of Paraguay. May Kaiser Wilhelm I bring Germany to glory and success, and King Maximilian live to see the dawn of next year.

Viva il Regno Italia

King Vittorio Emanuele Maria Alberto Eugenio Ferdinando Tommaso di Savoia II of Italy​