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After fall of ottoman turks, new sultanate took their place, the great kamaranese sultanate. Sultans of kamaranli dynasty however, have fallen to rebelion due the great crushaders empire of riga, who took place of fallen poland-lithuanian union, and managed to defeat the golden horde, plus the novgorodian heretics.
 
Finland became independent in AD 1419 and it owned all of Estonia by 1435. Finland never owned land in Finland.
 
War is Peace, and we Have Always been at War With Eastasia.

:)

While the HRE and France were natural enemies, it was fairly common for certain French rulers to desire to rule both and attempt to add their own territory to the empire. Strangely enough, the emperor often accepted such threats to his power.

With the threat of the mongol horde growing ever closer in the fifteenth century, the powerful states to the east in the Holy Roman Empire declared their desire to end the threat once and for all by overruning the horde and pushing their armies into the seas on the other side.

The modern political entity known as Spain only emerged after 1821, because before that the Castillian kings preferred to extend their domain across Northern Africa.

Though even in 1399 England had a formidable navy, it was not uncommon for smaller nations, upon successfully landing in their enemy's soil, to seize coastal provinces there.

The Russian principalities offered no great resistance to the Golden Horde, even under the leadership of the Muscowite princes.

Historical data concerning the rivalry between the Teutonic Order and their Prussian subjects is greatly exaggerated. Once the Reformation began, the Teutonic Order excitedly became the Kingdom of Prussia.

Despite there being numerous examples of it from antiquity, nations were unable to apply blockades on their enemies until they gained a certain "tech level".

The Reconquista was completed in 1400, not 1492. And then the Iberians took revenge by crossing the Mediterranean.

Despite the modern conception of Austria basically being Habsburg land in the fifteenth century, it was not uncommon for other familes to take control. The same often occurred within the Ottoman Empire, strangely without ever changing the name of the dynastically named state.

The term "balkanize" actually evolved from the word "francinize", because of numerous historical attempts to split France into many smaller states.
 
After an infuriatingly confusing war with Scotland, Castille changed it's name to Spain and laws were instituted forcing the basic colour of yellow to be a shade darker than was considered the norm. Historians speculate that prior to these dramatic changes neither side was ever completely sure who had captured what land.
 
The early 15th century saw the nation of England slowly disintegrate, as Scotland conquered territory as far south as Lancashire and York, Ulm annexed East Anglia and Kent while Friesland annexed much of the Midlands. The resultant peace treaty had the nations of Wales and Cornwall released as independent states.
 
Nah, its just the fun of "For want of a Nail"-situations in alternate history.

What if Timur the Lame lived just a few months longer, just enough to succeeded in crushing the Ottomans power?
--> Without the Ottoman threat the Eastern Roman Empire did not fall.
--> With the Eastern Roman Empire still alive, the balkans was much more peacefull.
--> Without a dangerous muslim state close to their border Austria had more time to concentrate on inter-HRE affairs.
--> With more politicing in the HRE, and less focus on pan-european politics, a certain Habsburg never married into a certain iberian royal family.
--> With no idea of a Personal Union between Spain and Austria, the Habsburgs had the time and focus to reform the HRE, instead of conquistadoring and colonizing South and Middle America.
--> With a more and more centralised and modernised HRE the feuding states in the german region never had an utterly devastating and depopulating war of religious Reformation, as the Holy Roman Emperor dealt with the peasant revolts quickly and they thus were just a minor rumble for a few years. And incidentally gave him the authority to finally complete the transformation of the HRE from alooser alliance to a proper statehood under his banner.

and so on... and the longer the diverging happening is back in time, the more different history will develop.
 
In the 17th century the french conquest of the Iberian peninsula led Portugal to abandon Lisabon and relocate their capital to, what is today, southern Alaska. In doing so the Portuguese showed great cunning, as nobody ever again could find the way to the Portuguese capital and dislocate it. The Castilian Crown, in the same process, moved to northern Africa where they soon replaced Ottoman and Mamluk power with that of the hidalgos. Already in the late 17th century, the Castilian tourist industry took off, in large part thanks to the boost received from the annual bull-fighting games in the shadows of the great Pyramids, outside Castilian Cairo.
 
In the early 15th century, the fledgling Karaman Empire, having established claims to the thrones of Mentese, Saruhan and Ramazan through blood ties, turned their attentions to the island of Rhodes, held, at that time, by the Knights Hospitallers but whose people had called for Karamanese intervention. The Karaman crown felt it their mission to aid the Turkish minority who promised to join the Empire as a core part of their territory.

For no particular reason, the mighty nation of Castille, at that point engaged in two wars, one with the north African nations, and another defending Navarre against Aragonian ambition, sailed their entire fleet across the Mediterranean and landed the best part of their land forces in Smyrna, where, after an inconclusive siege and a series of running battles, they perished in the mountains of Southern Antalya. Even though Rhodes had fallen long before and the war was now pointless, Castille refused an end to hostilities, and kept sending men across the Mediterranean to perish needlessly, until, with a population exhausted from war, Castillian power was broken, and they were forced to cede territory to Aragon and restore the Granadan monarchy. But due to a loophole in the treaty, the new nation was Catholic rather than Sunni, even if they remained allies of the Moroccan crown until the Castillian Rebellions of the 1470s.

In the early stages of the war, The Knights fled Rhodes and set up camp on Malta, where they remain. They outlived the nation of Castille by over 300 years.
 
Very little is written about the Austrian-Chinese wars in the 16th century. After colonizing and conquering the steppe hordes of the late medieval era, Austria emerged as the greatest landlocked empire the world has ever seen.

From a modern viewpoint it can be difficult to fully comprehend the full scale and magnitude of the logistic problems involved in transferring the vast amounts of Landsknechten and Heavy Cavalry from the Austrian heartland of the Ukrainian steppe and the Ural Mountains to the Chinese border in the vicinity of the Great Wall of China. Suffice it to say that the few reports that filtered through indicated a merciless attrition, and that the depleted armies of the Austrian Steppes often melted away to mere skeleton formations (and sometimes literally so!) before reaching their Han Chinese adversaries. The Auld Alliance between the old friends and neighbors Austria and Korea however went some way to mitigate these disadvantages during the later parts of the 16th century.

The conflict of course only escalated when the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation was united under the Bohemian Crown in the 17th century, incorporating Austria among many other realms. The Bohemian simultaneous invasion of Scandinavia, Anatolia and China that followed is still studied today in the military academies around the world. The simultaneous invasions are studied both as an outstanding example in how such a vast empire could coordinate three campaigns in three different corners of the world (some theorists argue that the coordination almost resembled that of an Artificial Intelligence!), but the invasions are of course also studied as a prime example of how sending thousands upon thousands of men in a never ending stream into the grinder will eventually wear down even the sturdiest enemy, but, at the same time, will cause an astonishing number of small rebellions in an equally astonishing number of provinces throughout the entire empire.

Luckily for the Magnificent Artificial Crown of Bohemia these rebels were apparently totally unaware of each other’s existence and thus did not coordinate anything among them. Quite the contrary, though the fog of war lay heavily over the Bohemian empire, credible reports indicate that several rebel groups, when aware of each other, were more likely to turn against each other than to join arms against the Bohemian Crown.
 
History shows, that, while young princes were as much endangered by death in young years as other children, ascending to the throne gave those new kings endurance bordering on immortality- Many are known to swim across the ocean if their ships sank or to charge first into a breach in the enemy walls, but rarely have any died by something other than old age. While elected leaders in ages past shared some of those abilities, the strain of using them without being born to a royal household aged them fast, causing death in 10-20 years (assuming they were re-elected, because if they weren't, they faded in a matter of days to be never seen again)
 
I've NEVER seen that event. :sad:

Somewhere in the late 14th or early 15th century a technique to judge the exact position, route and goal of any navy has been discovered, but got lost a few hundred years later, so that now we have to rely on imperfect machines and guesses.

It was easier to flee from an enemy with 10 000, then with 1 000 men.
 
During grim period of late 80s in XVIII century, three most powerfull global powers: Empire of Prussia, Kingdom of Spain and Ottoman Empire, were struggling against each other in murderous conflict over Kamchatka Peninsula. This rich land was colonised by Spain, whose citizens found here a true fish-eldorado. Jealous Prussia decided to establish their colony next to Kamchatka, hoping that they will be able to conquer this unbelievable piece of land. In a meantime, Ottomans finally conquered Oirat Horde, which were bordering the prussian-spanish area. War started beetwen two european powers and after several battles in Pyrenees and Mexico, these two signed a with peace. Weaken by conflict, Ottomans decided to strike former enemies, now allies. After 10 years of war and massive battles, which consumed nearly 300 000 soldiers, which took place all over the world (P - O in India, Russia, Malynesia and Austria; S - O in India, Greece, Holy Land, North Africa) and the most decisive battle of Delphi beetwen Prussian Emperor and Ottoman Caliph, both sides signed a white peace again. But something has changed, something strange. Nobody noticed the lack of their control over Kamchatka Peninsula.

Well, could you imagine what happend? It was seized by sneaky Oman, the only one Muslim state in Europe, with Capital in Ingermanland. Nobody expected Oman, nobody...
 
Mass conversions were quite common place in the early modern world, especially in North Africa among the Sunnis.
 
China never turned a blind eye on the world and contended itself with annexing and vassalizing most of eastern asia as well as creating an extensive colonial empire. The chinese expansion stopped in siberia where the superpowers of east and west finally met. Until the end of history Bohemia - despite being the second largest state in the world - would forever live in fear of the richer and more advanced chinese.

Prussia was a country in northern Russia and Finland.

Saxony united the Holy Roman Empire into a unified state.

England is the new name of the area occupied earlier by the Byzantine and Ottoman Empires. Former England is divided between Scotland, Great Britain, Wales, Holland and Cornwall.

Due to being expensive the new world was never colonized aside from a few caribbean isles. Europeans had to contend with themselves as well as the Moroccan empire which conquered most of Africa.