The Election of 1851
During the summer of 1851 the government collapsed as the leftward drift of the Chartists (from May, Labour) alienated the Liberals. Eventually Labour were forced out of the coalition and for a few brief months Earl Russell attempted to hold together some sort of government when his party held less than 1/3 of the seats in Parliament. Once Tory goodwill dried up Russell was forced to admit defeat and called an election.
Of the three main parties Labour’s manifesto was by far the most significant. With a program for radical reform across the country it would be the reaction of the other parties to this as much as their own manifestos that would shape the election. The Liberals remained vaguely against Labour but offered little other than the same Liberal, indeed Whiggish, policies that had been employed repeatedly for 15 years without successfully solving the problem of working class discontent. The Tories on the other hand were emphatically against Labour’s proposals but offered an alternative to them that they claimed would clam the class conflict in Britain.
Disraeli’s Conservatives were to go on to secure an outstanding result in the election. With a huge swing of votes in their favour the Tories had secured more seats than any party before in the history of the Republic (4 more than they had managed in 1836). The days of electoral turmoil under Robert Peel seemed to be well and truly over. However, perhaps worryingly, they failed to make a significant impact in the major urban centres around the country – winning few votes from the newly enfranchised urban workers, but also few from the middles classes of the major cities. The Labour Party, although losing the election, secured a major swing in their favour as they rose to an impressive 181 seats – becoming the official opposition. This election was one of consolidation for Labour as shift to the left, after moving on from the Chartist platform, discouraged many old voters but allowed the party to effectively monopolise the support of the industrial workers (8-10% of the population of mainland Britain) and secure a very large portion of the workers’ vote in more rural areas – beyond the conurbations. In order for both Tories and Labour to succeed the Liberals had to fall, and fall they did. Russell witnessed as his party lost just under half of its seats and came within one seat of finishing fourth behind the Irish Parliamentary Party (had the IPP not lost two seats then the Liberals would have done just that). The act of giving all men the right to vote had destroyed the Liberal party. They could now no longer offer further reforms to the workers and could never compete with Labour in terms of working class credentials. Meanwhile, widespread blame in many circles for the collapse of the government, a failure to form a hard-line anti-Labour platform and general dissatisfaction after years of domination by the Liberals and their predecessors the Whigs contributed to the electoral disaster. Elsewhere, the Whigs lost just one seat – maintaining their small but not insignificant Parliamentary presence, and the Unionists won two additional seats from the IPP (demographic change was the reason behind this as the Unionists won a seat in Cork off the backs of the support of a growing British born community there and gained another seat in Ulster).
As the election came to a close there was still no clear winner. Both the Tories and Labour still believed they could potentially lead a new government. Whilst Disraeli moved slowly – first securing the steadfast support of the Unionists and Whigs (which combined with his own party’s MPs brought him to 250) before moving on to steady negotiations with the Liberals Harney flung himself into action. He knew fine well that that the Liberals were much more likely to support the Tories, but he hoped that he might be able to convince them to restore the old coalition – just now as junior partners. Harney actually did a very good job in his politicking – managing to heal a lot of old wounds with the Liberals, however his dreams of government were shattered by the potential third party in the coalition – the IPP. The days of Daniel O’Connell and moderation were well and truly over for the IPP under the leadership of William O’Brien. The new party leadership campaigned on a slogan of ‘’liberation for Ireland’’ – when asked what this meant in practise O’Brien admitted ‘’the IPP stands for the liberation of the Irish people from British domination by any means necessary’’; when the reporter replied ‘’would ‘any means necessary’ include armed insurrection?’’ O’Brien repeated ‘’it means by any means’’. The strong pro-Irish current that flowed through the Labour party might have meant that Harney need not fear repercussions for talking with men like this, but Russell could never afford to.
With the alliance with the left clearly impossible the Liberals happily flung themselves into the lap of the right. In return for 1/3 of Ministerial posts and 1/3 of the places in the Cabinet (the Liberals only contributed ¼ of the coalition’s MPs) the Tories got their most important allies and secured a government.
The ruling coalition was led and dominated by the Tories (who contributed 2/3s of MPs) but also included the Liberals, Whigs and Irish Unionists. With a relatively slim majority (35 members) it was imperative that Disraeli prevent any fragmentation within his own party. So long as he could do this he could rely upon the power of the Tories within the coalition to effectively bully the smaller parties into line – this was perhaps the most stable coalition since the conception of the Republic for this very reason.
Being so dominant within the coalition Disraeli was not forced to make so many great gestures of compromise as earlier coalitions had. Whilst giving the other parties a say in all matters and offering to lighten his new economic policies of limited industrial intervention and protectionism the new government would be undisputedly Tory in its nature.