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King Zog is right Fengtian not Zhili.
I think a big important event would be the split of the national assembly sometime in the 1920's. In protest over Shandong, the legislature splits with most delegates protesting by going home putting this in 1922 -1923. The republic is never formally abolished but stays in suspended animation. Technically, the assembly is on recess until it can make quorum.
The British use the suspension of normal parliamentary proceeding to formally delay the handover of Shandong that same year.
This also causes a crisis and a breakdown in the Open Door Policy and the Nine Powers Treaty. The British and the Japanese start informally dealing with the individual cliques, helping them expand and consolidate. The Japanese support Fengtian, and Henan and are generally well liked while the British buy the support of Anhe and avoid the formal abolition of the Republic through their control of the customs revenue. (China under the nine powers treaty which is still in effect leverages a 5% tax. That tax is collected not by Chinese officials, but rather foreign customs officers and is then remitted to the authorities in Beijing. The same treaty grants Japan and Britain among others military access, trade agreements, extraterritoriality, and many other perks. This is why even though the British and the Japanese are encouraging de facto regionalism by arming different generals, they both officially advocate restoration of the republic.)
When the war with the Rice and Grass Movement starts, the delay engendered has proved deadly. The factions they support while regionally strong, cannot act effectively or nationally against homegrown peasant rebellion mixed with anti foreign and slightly anarchist ideals. When the Chinese civil war starts. The British and the Japanese both support the Federalist side for fear of losing everything. They really want to maintain the Boxer rebellion triangle ("the foreigners are afraid of the people, the people are afraid of the government, and the government is afraid of the foreigners") There is a potential for it to split along patronage lines, if it's too successful, not to mention the chance that a nationally sized Chinese state with a modern army might no longer be afraid of the people.
Also Taiwan was taken from China by Japan in 1895 so it's unaffected by this timeline and remains a Japanese colony.
Names and exact timelines will have to wait until the weekend.
The more I think about it, I neglected something important. There would have to have been a huge diplomatic fallout between Britain and America over Shandong. The Americans were ones who forced the Japanese to give it back at the Washington Naval conference but if the British don't, that could mean a huge difference in the Pacific balance of power as the alliance between the two is broken. A weaker Japan then changes from a threat into a tiebreaker with both a the Americans and the British trying to keep the Japanese support in the Eastern Pacific.
I think a big important event would be the split of the national assembly sometime in the 1920's. In protest over Shandong, the legislature splits with most delegates protesting by going home putting this in 1922 -1923. The republic is never formally abolished but stays in suspended animation. Technically, the assembly is on recess until it can make quorum.
The British use the suspension of normal parliamentary proceeding to formally delay the handover of Shandong that same year.
This also causes a crisis and a breakdown in the Open Door Policy and the Nine Powers Treaty. The British and the Japanese start informally dealing with the individual cliques, helping them expand and consolidate. The Japanese support Fengtian, and Henan and are generally well liked while the British buy the support of Anhe and avoid the formal abolition of the Republic through their control of the customs revenue. (China under the nine powers treaty which is still in effect leverages a 5% tax. That tax is collected not by Chinese officials, but rather foreign customs officers and is then remitted to the authorities in Beijing. The same treaty grants Japan and Britain among others military access, trade agreements, extraterritoriality, and many other perks. This is why even though the British and the Japanese are encouraging de facto regionalism by arming different generals, they both officially advocate restoration of the republic.)
When the war with the Rice and Grass Movement starts, the delay engendered has proved deadly. The factions they support while regionally strong, cannot act effectively or nationally against homegrown peasant rebellion mixed with anti foreign and slightly anarchist ideals. When the Chinese civil war starts. The British and the Japanese both support the Federalist side for fear of losing everything. They really want to maintain the Boxer rebellion triangle ("the foreigners are afraid of the people, the people are afraid of the government, and the government is afraid of the foreigners") There is a potential for it to split along patronage lines, if it's too successful, not to mention the chance that a nationally sized Chinese state with a modern army might no longer be afraid of the people.
Also Taiwan was taken from China by Japan in 1895 so it's unaffected by this timeline and remains a Japanese colony.
Names and exact timelines will have to wait until the weekend.
The more I think about it, I neglected something important. There would have to have been a huge diplomatic fallout between Britain and America over Shandong. The Americans were ones who forced the Japanese to give it back at the Washington Naval conference but if the British don't, that could mean a huge difference in the Pacific balance of power as the alliance between the two is broken. A weaker Japan then changes from a threat into a tiebreaker with both a the Americans and the British trying to keep the Japanese support in the Eastern Pacific.
Idea of timeline for China and surroundings
1911 - Republic of China is formed from the ashes of Qing. It is an unstable construction led by Sun Yat-sen. RoC receives recognition throughout the world.
1912 - Early in 1912 Yuan Shikai, general of the largest coherent army at the time in China claims leadership of the republic. Sun Yat-sen accepts and the capital is moved to Beijing. Yuan Shikai enforces his power.
1912 - August. KMT is formed by uniting several small political entities. It protests against Yuan's dictatorial way of ruling.
1913 - The second revolution - Yuan decides to quell KMT through force by assassinate important KMT politicians. Southern provinces rebels as a result of a) the autocrat ruling of Yuan from the northern town of Beijing b) the unfulfilled promises of power to local warlords for their help in the Xinhai revolution c) the lack of ability to change China through an electoral process.
1913-1914 - The revolution is crushed. KMT is forced to disband due to their try to overthrow Yuan by force. Warlords slowly enforce their power but stay loyal to Yuan. While Yuan enforces his legislative power he loses his real power by letting the warlords improve their position.
1917 - Paris Peace Conference. The war in Europe and it's colonies has come to an end. China is waiting for anticipated for England to give them the German colonies of China but no such thing happens.
1917 - Yuan Shikai declares himself emperor in order to further "quell the warlords financed by the British dogs"
1918 - Yuan Shikai dies from sickness and age 12th of February 1918. His son Yuan Keding tries to claim the the title. As a result Fengtian led by Zuolin declares that they will not follow orders from Beijing as long as the rule of China is autocratic.
1918 - Yunnan and Jiagnxi declares independence and marches against the forces of Yuan who quickly steps down as he has no real power. This marks the end of the short lived Imperial China.
1919 - In January Republic of China is reinstated. Duan Qirui becomes the leader of this fragile construction. Japan form trade agreements with Fengtian as if it was a separate state. Jiangxi incorporates itself in RoC but Yunnan still claims independence and remain practically independent. Tibet and Mongolia follows.
1919 - The JFCT is formed in Jiangxi. The peasants form ideas of Communism and anarchism as an alternative to the autocratic and inefficient rule of the Republic of China.
1920 - Duan Qirui who is lacking any real power form trade agreements with UK where he practically gives away mines and such outside of his loyal Anhui Clique in exchange for weaponry and money.
1921 - The Party for National Restoration (PNR) is formed from the ashes of KMT in Guangxi and starts their political struggle against the power abuse of Duan. They point out his lack of ability to reclaim Shandong.
1922 - Xinjiang declares independence. The area is to distant and the RoC is to weak to answer with force.
1923 - In May diplomatic papers are found by PNR stating that Duan will in a near future renounce his claims on Shandong in the exchange of a large amount of money and military material from UK. PNR lead by Bai Chongxi, Li Zongren and Huang Shaoxiong states that the Beijing government and the Republic of China is just Duan and the Anhui Cliques lapdog. They claim that Nanning is now Republic of China's capital and threatens with violence if Duan don't cave in. The government in Beijing is shaken and voices are raised for removing Duan from power. Duan refuses.
1923 - PNR takes practically control of the southern provinces and search support from other warlords and finds an ally in the Muslim Ma Clique. At the same time Duang arms and trains his forces even more.
1924 - The third revolution starts by a formal declaration of war from PNR 12th January 1924. Troops from the Ma Clique and Gaungxi marches towards Beijing. Guangdong becomes a part of Guangxi Clique or the Nanning government as they call themselves.
1925 - Several battles occurs on the plains of central China. Fengtian joins the war on the side of Gunagxi in order to gain land on their southern borders.
1926 - Cavalry from Ma Clique makes a spearhead attack during the spring towards Beijing while Fengtian presses on from the south. The Beijing army crumbles but the Nanning government is also shaken. Their troops are badly motivated and lack advanced equipment.
1926 - The government of Beijing decides in June to force Duan to resign. Duan resigns from his post stating that "If ones country want to be lead into the ravaging ocean, then ones country should, that is the way of democracy." Duan is able to withdraw with some kind of honour and tries to gather power around his loyal friends in Anhui-Henan. Continued good relations with UK.
1926 - During the autumn a new government is formed in Beijing lead by Tang Yulin. PNR removes their claim for a government in Nanning. Relations between Tang's newly formed Rehe Clique and Guangxi Clique improves.
1927 - JFCT has now grown to a powerful movement only sporadically repressed. Their centre is Jiangxi but peasants throughout China sympathises with them. The exception is Fengtian which by staying out of the Republics affairs have succeeded to improve the living standards of their people.
1928 - The new Beijing government loses more and more power. Their lack of progress in uniting China and reclaiming colonies hold by UK is embarrassing.
1929 - Yan Xishan takes control of Shanxi. He holds a firm anti-federalist policy. He searches for other warlords with the same political agenda.
1929 - In April Feng Yuxiang takes ower as the leading warlord in Anhui-Henan as Duan is now an old man.
1930 - JFCT starts arming itself. Local military units gain sympathy for JFCT's struggle as they also is living in poverty.
1931 - Inner Mongolia forms itself in order to stop the abuses against Mongol people.
1932 - Yan Xishan gets support from the neighbouring province of Xikang led by Liu Wenhui.
1933 - Relation between Anhui-Henan and Rehe clique improves as a result of the change of power.
1934 - JFCT which is largely forgotten by the Beijing government claims total control of Jiangxi.
1934 - The game starts
Where are we now?
Fengtian has now had a long history of political independence and good relation with Japan.
A Federalist alliance between Guangxi, Rehe and Ma Clique clearly influenced by the KMT clone PNR.
An anti federalist alliance between Shanxi and Xikang.
A lot of small warlords which have enjoined practical independence for years.
Hmm, the quality of this timeline might be lacking towards the end as I got quite hungry. Anyway, I'll post this now, read it through later and maybe add some things. Please comment on plausibility and such. I'm more than willing to change things if needed.
1911 - Republic of China is formed from the ashes of Qing. It is an unstable construction led by Sun Yat-sen. RoC receives recognition throughout the world.
1912 - Early in 1912 Yuan Shikai, general of the largest coherent army at the time in China claims leadership of the republic. Sun Yat-sen accepts and the capital is moved to Beijing. Yuan Shikai enforces his power.
1912 - August. KMT is formed by uniting several small political entities. It protests against Yuan's dictatorial way of ruling.
1913 - The second revolution - Yuan decides to quell KMT through force by assassinate important KMT politicians. Southern provinces rebels as a result of a) the autocrat ruling of Yuan from the northern town of Beijing b) the unfulfilled promises of power to local warlords for their help in the Xinhai revolution c) the lack of ability to change China through an electoral process.
1913-1914 - The revolution is crushed. KMT is forced to disband due to their try to overthrow Yuan by force. Warlords slowly enforce their power but stay loyal to Yuan. While Yuan enforces his legislative power he loses his real power by letting the warlords improve their position.
1917 - Paris Peace Conference. The war in Europe and it's colonies has come to an end. China is waiting for anticipated for England to give them the German colonies of China but no such thing happens.
1917 - Yuan Shikai declares himself emperor in order to further "quell the warlords financed by the British dogs"
1918 - Yuan Shikai dies from sickness and age 12th of February 1918. His son Yuan Keding tries to claim the the title. As a result Fengtian led by Zuolin declares that they will not follow orders from Beijing as long as the rule of China is autocratic.
1918 - Yunnan and Jiagnxi declares independence and marches against the forces of Yuan who quickly steps down as he has no real power. This marks the end of the short lived Imperial China.
1919 - In January Republic of China is reinstated. Duan Qirui becomes the leader of this fragile construction. Japan form trade agreements with Fengtian as if it was a separate state. Jiangxi incorporates itself in RoC but Yunnan still claims independence and remain practically independent. Tibet and Mongolia follows.
1919 - The JFCT is formed in Jiangxi. The peasants form ideas of Communism and anarchism as an alternative to the autocratic and inefficient rule of the Republic of China.
1920 - Duan Qirui who is lacking any real power form trade agreements with UK where he practically gives away mines and such outside of his loyal Anhui Clique in exchange for weaponry and money.
1921 - The Party for National Restoration (PNR) is formed from the ashes of KMT in Guangxi and starts their political struggle against the power abuse of Duan. They point out his lack of ability to reclaim Shandong.
1922 - Xinjiang declares independence. The area is to distant and the RoC is to weak to answer with force.
1923 - In May diplomatic papers are found by PNR stating that Duan will in a near future renounce his claims on Shandong in the exchange of a large amount of money and military material from UK. PNR lead by Bai Chongxi, Li Zongren and Huang Shaoxiong states that the Beijing government and the Republic of China is just Duan and the Anhui Cliques lapdog. They claim that Nanning is now Republic of China's capital and threatens with violence if Duan don't cave in. The government in Beijing is shaken and voices are raised for removing Duan from power. Duan refuses.
1923 - PNR takes practically control of the southern provinces and search support from other warlords and finds an ally in the Muslim Ma Clique. At the same time Duang arms and trains his forces even more.
1924 - The third revolution starts by a formal declaration of war from PNR 12th January 1924. Troops from the Ma Clique and Gaungxi marches towards Beijing. Guangdong becomes a part of Guangxi Clique or the Nanning government as they call themselves.
1925 - Several battles occurs on the plains of central China. Fengtian joins the war on the side of Gunagxi in order to gain land on their southern borders.
1926 - Cavalry from Ma Clique makes a spearhead attack during the spring towards Beijing while Fengtian presses on from the south. The Beijing army crumbles but the Nanning government is also shaken. Their troops are badly motivated and lack advanced equipment.
1926 - The government of Beijing decides in June to force Duan to resign. Duan resigns from his post stating that "If ones country want to be lead into the ravaging ocean, then ones country should, that is the way of democracy." Duan is able to withdraw with some kind of honour and tries to gather power around his loyal friends in Anhui-Henan. Continued good relations with UK.
1926 - During the autumn a new government is formed in Beijing lead by Tang Yulin. PNR removes their claim for a government in Nanning. Relations between Tang's newly formed Rehe Clique and Guangxi Clique improves.
1927 - JFCT has now grown to a powerful movement only sporadically repressed. Their centre is Jiangxi but peasants throughout China sympathises with them. The exception is Fengtian which by staying out of the Republics affairs have succeeded to improve the living standards of their people.
1928 - The new Beijing government loses more and more power. Their lack of progress in uniting China and reclaiming colonies hold by UK is embarrassing.
1929 - Yan Xishan takes control of Shanxi. He holds a firm anti-federalist policy. He searches for other warlords with the same political agenda.
1929 - In April Feng Yuxiang takes ower as the leading warlord in Anhui-Henan as Duan is now an old man.
1930 - JFCT starts arming itself. Local military units gain sympathy for JFCT's struggle as they also is living in poverty.
1931 - Inner Mongolia forms itself in order to stop the abuses against Mongol people.
1932 - Yan Xishan gets support from the neighbouring province of Xikang led by Liu Wenhui.
1933 - Relation between Anhui-Henan and Rehe clique improves as a result of the change of power.
1934 - JFCT which is largely forgotten by the Beijing government claims total control of Jiangxi.
1934 - The game starts
Where are we now?
Fengtian has now had a long history of political independence and good relation with Japan.
A Federalist alliance between Guangxi, Rehe and Ma Clique clearly influenced by the KMT clone PNR.
An anti federalist alliance between Shanxi and Xikang.
A lot of small warlords which have enjoined practical independence for years.
Hmm, the quality of this timeline might be lacking towards the end as I got quite hungry. Anyway, I'll post this now, read it through later and maybe add some things. Please comment on plausibility and such. I'm more than willing to change things if needed.
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Interesting stuff. If you need some help on US and Latin American politics, events or history in general feel free to shoot me a pm 
This is really interesting stuff. I'd love to help out with Hungary in particular, or just anything really...
Aww working national anarchism and french classical "radicalism" does sound like my cup of tea ;-) Not so horrific! Though I'm baffled at radicalism losing out in France. Maybe you just meant radical theories in general.
What was integralism? Isn't it like some peasant-collectivist form of fascism? Would love a history lesson by someone who knows more than the Wikipedia article.
What was integralism? Isn't it like some peasant-collectivist form of fascism? Would love a history lesson by someone who knows more than the Wikipedia article.
Well, the key aspect of integralism is fundamentally that it's a system of thought which considers the nation as being a single collective embodied in the State. All individual or class interests are eliminated in favour of the nation. It claims to transcend vested interests and ideological differences, bringing about a harmonic unity. Integralism historically was reactionary in one sense, in that it wanted in many cases to turn back the political clock and re-establish nobility and monarchy, which were seen as symbols binding together the people and their "blood" and "soil". In another sense it was radical and utopian, aiming to transcend human interests in favour of its idealised state.
The Wikipedia article rather bizarrely says that the fact that integralism combines elements of the political left and right makes it oppositional to fascism, which ignores the firm roots of fascism in both political wings -- Mussolini began as a socialist and fascism was originally dominated by a syndicalist agenda, despite its obvious later appeal to the right wing --and its development as a "Third Way" between Marxism and capitalism. The integralism of Action Française is generally considered as an evolutionary stage in fascism (I haven't come across any works which claim otherwise). I would say the main difference between integralism and late fascism is that integralism didn't impute one or another social group with blame, ie it wasn't really characterized quite so much by the noxious aspects of revenge and resentment which run all the way through late fascism and Nazism.
Personally I would definitely see integralism as being an embryonic fascism.
Hopefully that's something of an answer, though I'm not sure if you were looking for specific examples of its history?
Im so sick of Wikipedias darn reliance to the outdated (since 100+ years) scale of left and right. Every time I hear left and right I shrug and it creates these stupid conclussions I guess.
Yeah that's a very interesting. Perhaps I can hint a soft smell of what carlism was and became? Integralism very light perhaps? Both carlism and integralism are two idoelogies I know very little about though but I know a bit more about carlism which is why I lean on it a bit.
When you say embryonic fascism on one side and evolutionary on an other do you mean that it is the child, the actual development of fascism in its more clear and pure form or?
edit: nevermind I see that the integralism of the Action Francias came before fascism came in Italy. But I never even knew about this french version I always associated integralism with the brazilian one that I think came after fascism...Are they similiar?
Yeah that's a very interesting. Perhaps I can hint a soft smell of what carlism was and became? Integralism very light perhaps? Both carlism and integralism are two idoelogies I know very little about though but I know a bit more about carlism which is why I lean on it a bit.
When you say embryonic fascism on one side and evolutionary on an other do you mean that it is the child, the actual development of fascism in its more clear and pure form or?
edit: nevermind I see that the integralism of the Action Francias came before fascism came in Italy. But I never even knew about this french version I always associated integralism with the brazilian one that I think came after fascism...Are they similiar?
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I would say that fascism was a later development which drew heavily on integralism. It's a bit misleading to say that fascism developed directly from integralism, because a lot of the fascists weren't originally integralists. Maybe it's more accurate to say that integralism presaged, or foreshadowed, fascism. Either way, the main point is that they shared a lot of values, and integralism came first by a few decades.
They also had their differences. Brazilian Integralist motto was "Union of all races and all peoples", they were not anti-semitic or racist as fascists or nazis were.
Indeed, integralism is the obscure right-wing ideology which was overrun by fascism.
Everyone's help is welcome; I currently am busy with other things and can't mod that much, but writing to the wiki is open for everyone.
Well, there were definitely quite a few integralist antisemites (integralists were some of the most active antisemites in Vichy France) and I would question the extent to which fascism was racist/antisemitic before Hitler. The "union of all races and all peoples" aspect was rather particular to the Brazilians who went in a very different direction to the European integralists; it definitely wasn't a part of most European integralist movements which were strongly tied to ideas of pure blood. It is rather obscure, though given its role as a proto-fascist ideology and its connection to Boulangisme it is well-known to people like myself who take an interest in the development of fascism and totalitarianism - it takes up a fair portion of most works dealing with that
Either way I don't think racism and antisemitism were particularly central aspects of fascism, regardless of the role they played in related movements like Nazism.
tuore, could you post a close up picture of China? It would help me in sorting where every military/civil leader should reside.
-Zog
btw, some of my events on the timeline are wrong or happening at the wrong time, I'll post a corrected version in the coming days.
-Zog
btw, some of my events on the timeline are wrong or happening at the wrong time, I'll post a corrected version in the coming days.
Okay, having read the history that's on there in-depth now I have a few points of (constructive! ) criticism:
Just five points which stuck out to me.
) criticism:- I don't think Action Française can take power in France without some restructuring. For a start, Maurras would need to be dropped and replaced, as it was on account of Maurras's various unorthodox and non-Catholic ideas that the movement was condemned and proscribed by the Pope, and ended up shedding its primary support base. I imagine the easiest way for this to happen is for Maurras to simply be assassinated early on for one reason or another (perhaps by an anarchist), which would help galvanise the movement by creating a martyr. Positioning Maurras as the public face of the Party would in the long term probably deter the bulk of Catholics from supporting the movement.
- Brazilian Integralism is extremely different from European forms of integralism and so should be treated as a separate subject, rather than conflated as they are now. French and Portuguese Integralists had as their primary aim the restoration of the monarchy, the imposition of a Catholic state religion, and the denunciation of various perceived internal aliens. In France, the Integralists combined an agenda of anti-Protestantism, antisemitism, anti-Freemasonry and xenophobia (against the so-called "metics" or resident aliens; the movement's newspaper talked about "clearing the streets of foreign trash"). There isn't anything at the moment in the French coup about the monarchy -- without the support of the Orléanist claimant the movement which had the monarchy at its heart (the republic was "the whore") would flounder and probably not survive long in government.
- Were the dissolution of Austria-Hungary and the institution of republican government in Germany mandated by treaty as the article on the Paris Peace negotiations currently suggests? If so, why? In real life these happened entirely independently of the treaty negotiations, which only began after they had taken place so there were stable governments with which to negotiate.
- Why does Russian strength prevent a smaller independent satellite Poland from being carved out from Germany, which might help to assuage Polish nationalist desires within Russia itself?
- Why do people decide to turn to Anarchism and "Autocracy" in Germany instead of more well-established conservative and völkisch movements? Neither of these options seem to bear the same cross-sectional appeal as Nazism.
Just five points which stuck out to me.
For French Fascism I had proposed the French Croix de Feu "War/Fire Crosses", Catholic ww1 veterans in who beleived in an autoritarian republic based on the ideals and values of the old roman republic. They could be the ones to ally with Brazillian integralists since they are not inherently xenophobic or anti semitic. Also you could say they paved the way to Gaullism, so I guess they could have a charismatic dictator figure with a very strong executive power and state. Their leader was, colonel Francois de La Rocque.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_de_La_Rocque
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croix-de-Feu
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_right_leagues
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_de_La_Rocque
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croix-de-Feu
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_right_leagues
I generally go with the rule "anything that hasn't been defined otherwise happened like in OTL".
Russia believes the victory in the war makes the national unrest diminish.
The Weimar government is cooperating with the LoN to a great degree. The nation has good chances to get commutations to the treaty's limits (thanks to Polish aggression), so conservatism is not as popular. Anarchism and autocracy are popular simply because they are popular elsewhere and have been successful elsewhere.
tuore: Those points make sense, though I'm still not sure who exactly the "Autocrats" are?
That's a possibility too, though I don't know whether de la Rocque would align himself with the Republic here as he did in OTL.
They were pro republic -in the roman sense- not in the modern/1930 sense Actually this confusion point could be used to give them an smooth transition from democracy to integralism. Perhaps a second red scare or anarchist scare, triggered by the continous war in russia, height in chinese civil war, new italian civil war with socialists vs fascists and the anarchists attacks against capitalism could lead to a radicalization of popular opinions. The French political scene could resist the right wing temptations until the far right leagues make the coup, but the croix de feu are put in power as a compromise being the moderates and most prestigious.
There ya go, not too far off or ahistorical. The second red scare of the 50s brought macarthism to usa, very harsh democracy...
Actually this confusion point could be used to give them an smooth transition from democracy to integralism. Perhaps a second red scare or anarchist scare, triggered by the continous war in russia, height in chinese civil war, new italian civil war with socialists vs fascists and the anarchists attacks against capitalism could lead to a radicalization of popular opinions. The French political scene could resist the right wing temptations until the far right leagues make the coup, but the croix de feu are put in power as a compromise being the moderates and most prestigious.There ya go, not too far off or ahistorical. The second red scare of the 50s brought macarthism to usa, very harsh democracy...
I said the Republic rather than republics in general; I'm agreeing with you My concern is over the points of policy that he would support, as in my understanding he was very prepared to work with various xenophobic groups and supporters until his alignment behind the Republic.
I don't think "integralism" would be involved in that scenario, though, seeing as French integralists would still be facing the problem of the Papal interdict.
My concern is over the points of policy that he would support, as in my understanding he was very prepared to work with various xenophobic groups and supporters until his alignment behind the Republic.I don't think "integralism" would be involved in that scenario, though, seeing as French integralists would still be facing the problem of the Papal interdict.