Chapter II - Chasing the Polish Throne
“For every man killed, a thousand shall die. For every battle lost, a war shall we win.” – King Arpad of Hungary
Buda Castle, Hungary – November 11, 1404
Doors opened to the throne room as King Sigismund entered with a large retinue behind him.
“My lord, this must not be done. It will destroy us. As it is, many of the nobles are not too pleased. If this war goes bad, which I believe it will very quickly; our rule may collapse and anarchy will ensue,” pleaded Jeno Horthy, chief diplomat to Hungary.
Sigismund sighed. He slowly sat upon his throne as his forehead wrinkled displaying his deep thought. “We have been preparing for this war for two years; our armies are trained and well-led. Our generals are competent and believe the war will be won. Is this true, Lord Barnaby?”
Lord Barnaby Hunyadi cleared his throat. “Our men will not disappoint, my lord,” Hunyadi stated rather confidently.
“See, Jeno? We have nothing to fear!” Sigismund proclaimed with a swift motion with his hand. “I trust Hunyadi and his skill. If he says we are prepared, then we are ready for war. ”
Horthy looked at Hunyadi. “General, you know this is folly! We are walking our armies into disaster! If we declare war on Poland, half of Eastern Europe will be upon us. Austria, Bavaria and Novgorod will honor their allegiance to the King of Poland. We would already have some difficulty with only Poland, let alone Austria as well,” pressed Horthy.
“Novgorod is too great of distance to really impact the war. Plus if they move too large of an army, they would leave their gates open to Muscowy, which they cannot allow. Bavaria is small and weak, their war with Brandenburg have depleted their ranks,” Hunyadi snapped back.
“And Austria?” asked Horthy.
“You know as well as I that they are involved in a large war with the Kingdom of France. Most of their armies are in the west protecting their interest. Their attention will be focused on France, not us,” Hunyadi answered.
Sigismund rose from his throne. He calmly spoke, “my dear, Jeno, I have faith that all will be well. Hunyadi is not crazed. He understands the implications of our declaration, and believes we still will win.”
Jeno Horthy lowered his head in defeat. “Yes, my lord. I do hope he is right,” responded Horthy.
Sigismund clasped his hands. “Very good than! To war we march; to Krakow we burn!”
The Kingdom of Hungary and its neighbors in 1404
The War for the Polish Crown officially began on November 22, 1404 when 15,000 men led by King Sigismund I crossed into Polish lands. The Poles were unaware of the aggressiveness of the King of Hungary and due to it were unprepared for the invasion force. The army Sigismund had formed was paid completely by loans taken out by the state; given generously by banks and wealthy families in England and Burgundy. King Sigismund took out the maximum credit he could by the throne to finance his war with Poland, which nearly bankrupted Hungary in the subsequent years.
(1)
The King’s army advanced rapidly as it made short work of the small pockets of Polish defenders en route to Krakow. Sigismund and the bulk of his army arrived at the gates of Krakow on December 5. The Poles had quickly recruited an army of 7,000 men to counter the Hungarian army. Most of the Poles were civilians, mainly farmers and lower-class inhabitants near the city of Krakow. They were poorly equipped and out of the 1,000 cavalry they had; over 700 were light cavalry with little armor and wooden spears. The Hungarians had an overwhelming advantage over the smaller Polish army. The only advantage the Poles had was their easily defendable fortress in Krakow, but that wouldn’t stop the Magyars. A pitch battle occurred on December 6 with the Polish army under their general, Zyndram Maszkowic being soundly defeated by the advanced guard of the Hungarian army. Most of the retreating Polish army was destroyed by a 5,000-man cavalry charge led by Sigismund himself. After the battle, the Hungarian army proceeded to besiege the Krakow fortress.
With the bulk of the Hungarian army in Poland, the remaining army of 10,000 men under Lord Barnaby Hunyadi stayed in Hungary to protect its land from invading armies. The nobles cried out for Buda to be defended by Hunyadi’s army. Rumors started to circulate that two small Austrian armies were marching to Hungary. These rumors were confirmed when reports arrived that an army of 3,000 invaded Pressburg while an army of 2,000 invaded Sopron. Hunyadi was not worried as he ordered his army to march to Pressburg to lift the siege on the city.
(2)
During his march to Pressburg, news of a Novgorod invasion force reached Hunyadi. Novgorod had invaded Carpathia with 8,000 men led by their King Youfimoi II. Even more reports came in from the region of Ersekujvar that an 8,000-man army led by the Polish King Zygmunt I had invaded and was ransacking the countryside. Hunyadi was perplexed on how the Polish army was able to march around Sigismund’s army. Four Hungarian regions were now being laid to waste by its enemies. Sigismund was occupied with the siege of Krakow, and Hunyadi had the Austrians to defend against.
The situation in the War for the Polish Crown in 1405
Good news did reach Hunyadi and the Hungarians with the news of the capitulation of the fortress of Krakow on June 14, 1405. The surrender of Krakow freed up Sigismund’s army to head back to Hungary and attack the Polish army in Ersekujvar.
Krakow was burned to the ground under the orders of King Sigismund I
On June 18, Hunyadi attacked the besieging Austrians at Pressburg. The Austrian army was routed and the Hungarian army captured the remaining soldiers. With Pressburg secured, Hunyadi force-marched his army to Sopron, in hopes the citadel had held up against the Austrian siege.
King Sigismund met up with the Polish army under its King Zygmunt on July 6. Battle took place on July 7 as Sigismund defeated the Polish force. The still intact Polish army retreated back into Poland.
Hunyadi finished his attack on the small Austrian force in Sopron on July 19 with a clear victory. The Austrian threat in the West was defeated for the time being. However, Hunyadi and the rest of Hungary knew it would not be the last of them. Austria’s war with France was coming to an end, and with the war over; the armies of Austria would march toward Hungary.
With the Austrian threat deterred, Hunyadi began his long march to Carpathia to lift the siege from the King of Novgorod. He only hoped its unsuspecting defenders could hold out. After the defeat of the Polish army, King Sigismund decided to chase after the Polish King to Ruthenia in hoping to capture him and end the war quickly. The King, even at the request of his generals, refused to march to Carpathia. His thirst to capture the Polish King had overwhelmed his need to protect the Magyars; a gesture the Hungarians would not forget. Sigismund would allow Hunyadi to defend the lands that had elected him king.
By the beginning of August of 1405, the war had gone well for the Hungarians. Though enemies ravaged the Hun’s lands, they had been soundly defeated. Hunyadi’s belief over limited Austrian involvement had so far been fact, and Krakow had surrendered and subsequently burned by King Sigismund. King Sigismund’s war for the Polish crown had momentous gains in 1405, but danger still lied ahead for Hungary. Austria was still a huge worry for Hunyadi, and the hope of Carpathia withstanding the siege of Novgorod was dashed when news arrived it fell in September 1405.
The sacking and consequential burning of Carpathia by Novgorod in 1405
The Fall of Carpathia would rest on Sigismund's mind until his death years later. The nobles would never forget either. With Carpathia taken, Hunyadi worried the tide could be turning against the Kingdom of Hungary.
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(1) - Five loans were taken out by Sigismund I to fill the treasury with enough coin to build nine divisions of troops before the war started. The interest as well as paying back the loans later would cause disaster to the treasury and yearly income.
(2) -
Historians are still curious on why Hunyadi, known as a tactical genius did not divide his army to attack the Austrians simultaneously. The general sacrificed precious time in order to keep his army together, a tactical risk that should have been taken.