The Year Italy Joined the World War
Part 8: Technology and Production, January – June, 1940
The first half of the year was a productive one for Italian technological advancement, as well as procurement. It was during this time that Mussolini began paying more attention to the Regia Aeronautica, as well as to doctrine for the Regia Marina. The Regio Esercito, too, continued its doctrinal an technical advancement during this period. Mussolini was quite clearly preparing his armed forces for a greater war than those it fought during this period.
The year began with an advancement in civil defense in mid-January, a project that Mussolini replaced by the development of a 100 kilogram bomb for Italian fighters. Combat medicine was advanced in early February, and Mussolini ordered the further development of a single engine airframe. Soon after, Cantieri finished its development of an even more advanced aircraft carrier engine, and this contract was replaced by one to Breda for aerial machine guns of a 7.7 mm caliber. Cantieri quickly followed up with more success, this time regarding aircraft carrier armor: Mussolini then turned to Macchi for an advanced aircraft design. February’s developments were capped by another study on infantry warfare published by the Italian general staff. Mussolini then ordered the general staff to develop concepts related to central planning. Soon after, the general staff completed another study, this one dealing with handling large fronts and Mussolini immediately authorized a follow-up document. By mid-March, the Italian education system completed another initiative to increase the size of its classes and the standards of its teaching quality. This initiative was replaced by a contract to further develop Italian radar.
Italian education getting further improvements.
The general staff published yet another study, this one concerning mass assaults, and Mussolini ordered the general staff to turn its attentions to supply organization. Italia first aid made some advancements in late March, and Mussolini ordered that an electronic computing machine be developed. Cantieri completed more carrier work in mid-April, having improved hangars. Here is when Mussolini began thinking of naval doctrine, having realized that naval combat experience will be a long time in coming, a wait that the Regia Marina could not afford. He ordered the naval staff to develop a carrier group doctrine. Soon after, Mussolini ordered the construction of two more fleet carriers. They were called the RM Europa and the RM Falco to disguise their construction, from the British in particular. Mussolini had a year and a half to come up with other names for them; he was considering ancient Roman and other Italian victories. Also, he ordered the creation of, in sequence, three marine divisions. Each would be only two brigades, as Mussolini was concerned with getting them into the field first and foremost.
Italian production and procurement by late April.
In early May, Cantieri completed further advances in large warship radar, and Mussolini ordered the naval staff to develop a concept of naval underway replenishment. Days later, Cantieri reported its success in the further development of small warship radar, a project that was replaced by yet another naval staff study, this one on an escort role for light cruisers. By late May, Italian agricultural practices had further improved, allowing for an infusion of manpower into the pool of available recruits. Mussolini then ordered another naval staff study, this one concerning carrier crew training. The light bomb development that Mussolini had ordered in January was completed in early June, and Mussolini authorized an air staff study, on naval air targeting. By late June, two more projects were completed: Macchi’s advanced aircraft design and their further development of a single engine airframe. These two were replaced by naval staff studies on light cruiser crew training and radar training.
Macchi’s advances in late June.
Another aerial development occurred in late June, as Breda completed its project on single engine aircraft armament development. Macchi then received a contract to develop a small fuel tank. By this point in time, Italian research was undertaking fourteen projects at any one time, including six studies on fleet auxiliary carrier doctrine. Of the eight projects remaining, as has been shown, many involved aeronautical technology, albeit primarily related to carrier-borne aircraft, and army doctrine.
Italian leadership allocation and carrier doctrine.
Mussolini was focusing his research departments in all sectors of Italian development toward the inevitable war to come. Improving naval doctrine in particular suddenly took on major importance, given that it was possible that Italy would be fighting against superior enemy fleets. While Mussolini hoped to preclude this, he figured it was better to be on the safe side.