Chapter 37 – The Stadtholder’s War (1710-1712)
Bad Tidings
Front page of Opregte Haarlemsche Courant, 8 August 1710
Fortune had lost its favor for David van Huchtenbroek. The master politician was losing his war, and with it his authority. The victories at Köln and Consenvoie were quickly forgotten with the sight of van Atrecht’s defeated army sailing into Antwerpen. With even members of his own party beginning to voice their doubts, Huchtenbroek sought a way to turn around his flagging influence. Only a victory could salvage his career, a victory he expected Brandt and his generals to deliver.
Brandt needed to get van Atrecht’s army back in the field, but that would take time, money and manpower. Huchtenbroek gladly approved all of Brandt’s expenditure requests, while the prisons and poorhouses were emptied to refill the regiments. But even with the Stadtholder’s full support, the Army of Flanders was not expected to recover before the end of the campaign season. In the meantime, French armies had free rein in the south, as well as time to build up their own strength.
There was at least some good news. The Portuguese had so far been unable to provide any significant assistance to their allies, given the drain their decades-long colonial uprisings placed on their treasury. A handful of frigates from the Armada Real briefly joined the blockade of Barcelona, but were recalled when piracy off of Lisboa threatened to close the capital’s harbor. But in June the Portuguese approached the Dutch with an offer – they would hire out their regiments to the States in exchange for transferring some of Portugal’s crushing debts to the Dutch Treasury. After calling favors from the Bank of Amsterdam Huchtenbroek reached an agreement, and the first Portuguese tercios began arriving in mid-August. The mercenary regiments helped bolster the recovering Army of Flanders as it reassembled. Their presence would be crucial, as more alarming news arrived from the south.
The Cauldron of Verdun
The fortified city of Verdun, 1689
After being repulsed at Consenvoie, the French withdrew to positions opposite the fortress of Verdun, forcing General Barhydt to keep his army in the area to guard against another crossing. The French were undeterred despite their initial failures, and knew that control of Verdun would dictate the fate of Lorraine. The citadel had been a key strongpoint since the times of Charlemagne, and even with its outdated medieval defenses it posed a difficult obstacle to overcome. Beginning in early August, French engineers began constructing three moles, or causeways, just upstream from the fortress. The construction was costly business, with Dutch artillery and skirmishers exacting a heavy toll on the laborers. At night tongues of flame lit the hills as Barhydt’s mortars pummeled the river embankment. One of the moles was abandoned after heavy damage, but the other two steadily crept towards the opposite shore.
Dismounted French dragoons assault Dutch positions
The moles reached the far side on October 17, and under cover of darkness six hundred dragoons were sent across. The soldiers quickly dug out earthworks for their own artillery, which was man-handled across and put into position. Over the next four days French troops poured across the causeways into the “cauldron,” slowly pushing the Dutch from the river’s edge. With no room to maneuver most of the French cavalry was sent across dismounted to fight alongside the infantry in hand-to-hand combat. One by one the Dutch guns fell silent, their ammunition expended after days of constant firing. On the fifth day the French were finally reached the heights overlooking Verdun, while a detachment of French cavalry snuck across the Meuse five miles downstream during the heat of battle, flanking the Dutch positions. The imminent threat of being boxed in forced General Barhydt to order the retreat, leaving Verdun to be surrounded. Unlike the Army of Flander’s defeat at Paris, Barhydt’s forces withdrew in good order with all of its equipment and baggage train intact. Nevertheless, it was a defeated army in spirit, and Gen. Barhydt was morose in his failure. The army retired to Nancy to reorganize and wait the coming of spring while the French settled around Verdun for the winter.
Defeat at Verdun
Annus Horribilis
The approaching chill of winter fit the mood in Amsterdam and Antwerpen as autumn drew to a close. The defeats at Paris and Verdun were only the beginning as a constant stream of bad news reached the States. A French army was besieging Atrecht, a stronghold of the Southern Lily Party. The governor of Hesse was killed in battle at Dortmund defending the city against Austrian assault. French privateers had ambushed a Dutch flotilla off the Antilles, sinking a number of galleons. Bands of Hungarian cavalry were sighted looting in the vicinity of Osnabrück and Oldenburg. German refugees from Neddersassen streamed towards the coast spreading rumors of Imperial atrocities. With leaflets and broadsheets filled with such reports, the Dutch cities were rotten with fear and discontent.
A dismal winter in Amsterdam, 1710
The situation was bleak. The States lacked any significant army capable of taking to the field of battle, while its enemies marched steadily closer. Almost three quarters of the State Treasury had been spent in the course of nine months, while recruiters were finding it harder and harder to find any able bodied men not already in the army or navy. The resources of the cities were reaching the breaking point as more and more refugees arrived from the east.
Things were looking grim for Huchtenbroek. Members of his party were demanding action, especially those from the beleaguered city of Atrecht. The opposition was organizing impeachment proceedings while the popular sentiment was for peace negotiations before the war got further out of hand. Hard questions were being asked about the evidence for the war, of the exorbitant costs being placed on the treasury, of the quality and caliber of the military leadership. As former friends and allies deserted him, the Stadtholder gamely struggled to keep his administration running despite his worsening health. With the steadfast Marshal Brandt at his side he would meet daily with his remaining supporters at the Staatshof to organize the defense of the Provinces.
It was from one of these meetings that he emerged late one afternoon, December 28. The worst news yet had come – Köln had opened its gates to the Austrians after less than a week of fighting, and an Imperial army was now marching on Maastricht. Wheezing with influenza, Huchtenbroek leaned on Brandt’s arm for support as he and his aides crossed the snow-covered square in front of the Staatshof to the carriage awaiting them. From the scattering of clerks and officials heading home for the evening stepped Samuel Groesbeck, a naval quartermaster from Haarlem. Approaching the Stadtholder, Groesbeck drew a pistol from under his coat and shot Huchtenbroek in the chest. With a look of bewildered surprise Huchtenbroek slid off Brandt’s arm to collapse on the cobblestones. With a cry of “For your crimes!” Groesbeck attempted to draw a dagger from his belt to finish the job, but before he could free it Brandt and several guards tackled him to the ground. Shouts of alarm spread as aides ran to get assistance, but it was too late – the Stadtholder was dead.
END OF PART VI