24 kilometers west of Birobidzhan
April 18, 1937
Zhukov sighed and shook his head; the Manchurian resistance was beginning to fall apart. It was a slow process, due in part to the vast distances, the very wide frontages and poor infrastructure. Nevertheless, he could see from the intelligence he was receiving that the Manchurian defense was beginning to unravel. The Manchurians had won in Vladivostok but they had paid a heavy price for it. Shapkin had done a good job, Zhukov knew, a better job that had honestly been expected of him. He had halted the Manchurians.
Shapkin had fought a desperate defense of Vladivostok’s inner city, relinquishing his hold on streets, corner, barricades and houses only after bitter fighting. However, the Manchurians had kept advancing, pushing bloodily along the main roads toward the city center. However, after over twenty-four hours of heavy urban combat, the Manchurian cavalry had had enough. They were ill-suited to such warfare and had taken heavy casualties numbering in the hundreds if not even perhaps thousands. Their two cavalry divisions had spent their offensive energy striving to break down fortification after fortification and had finally given up. To everyone’s surprise, they had broken off and straggled out of the shattered ruins that marked the desperate fighting. Shapkin had won that first round.
However, the transports had not brought him what he had expected. Instead of bringing him the armor he had hoped for or even reinforcements at all, they came empty. They were there to evacuate his division in the case of a defeat; however, at the moment there had been no need. The transports, however, remained in Vladivostok harbor, where they quickly came under the attack of Japanese bombers operating from their home islands nearby. With little room to maneuver, the transports were, one after another, slowly damaged and sunk, right before Shapkin’s heartbroken eyes. Ever the professional, he did not despair, publicly. He put on a front of determination, though Zhukov wondered how convincing it actually was, and reoccupied the division’s outer positions and waited.
Shapkin’s division had tied up two cavalry divisions for over ten days by the 15th. Indeed, the division had attracted two Manchurian infantry divisions, which set up camp east of Jilin. Each of these infantry divisions had arrived with a brigade of heavy artillery, which then began a systematic bombardment of western Vladivostok. That side of the city, already devastated from the previous fighting, suffered again as the two fresh Manchurian divisions launched their assault in the early morning on the 15th. By that time, the transports had been destroyed. Shapkin’s division had not fully recovered from the difficult fighting ten days earlier. The Manchurians were armed with inferior weapons but held a superiority in heavy firepower, thanks to their massed artillery, and numbers. They slowly but surely broke through Shapkin’s defenses.
The second Manchurian assault on Vladivostok.
Shapkin’s infantry resisted gallantly, striving with all their courage to hold back the Manchurians. They were, however, far better suited to urban combat than the cavalry had been ten days previously. The Manchurian cavalry did not take part, they were still too shattered from their failure to provide any real offensive power. The Manchurian infantry, on the other hand, systematically reduced strongpoint after strongpoint. They worked along the smaller roads and cut through gardens, they tore down fences and smashed through the communal houses. They struck into the very heart of the city. Shapkin’s division disintegrated, the general himself disappeared in the last stages of the battle according to the few reports that filtered out of the city. The battle for Vladivostok had ended, the Manchurians were victorious.
Nevertheless, Shapkin had tied up considerable Manchurian forces for more than a week with his stand for Vladivostok. It was a strategic effect out of proportion to the significance of his division in purely numerical terms. It made Zhukov’s job easier.
Zhukov was thus pushing toward Birobidzhan. He had opted to remain on the Soviet side of the Amur River for a while longer. He hoped that his thrust toward Birobidzhan would help secure his supply lines, which were under threat from Manchurian militia based near Nikolayevsk-na-Amure who were marching on Chumikan, one of his two corridors of supply, the other being through Tynda. Once he secured Birobidzhan, he planned to turn southwestward at last and cross the Amur toward Heihe. With Vasilevskij thrusting through Hailar and planning to attack Qiqihar, they would link up and Zhukov would be guaranteed supply for the remainder of the campaign even if Chumikan fell and Tynda was threatened.
He was also glad that the Manchurian militia in Birobidzhan was leaderless and thus lacked direction; it was very organized and Zhukov’s corps was becoming worn from having begun campaign nearly immediately after reaching Okhotsk. Zhukov’s units had crossed several hundred kilometers in two month, first in the last gasps of winter and then in the burgeoning mud of spring, all the while at the end of a long line of supply. He knew that this was an impressive achievement.
Zhukov’s attack toward Birobidzhan.
Zhukov looked with satisfaction at the map of Manchuria; he and Vasilevskij were beginning to make vast inroads into the Manchurian strategic depth and he anticipated that the campaign would continue rolling along quite nicely.