Alberto's reign, part III
The Reign of Alberto, Part III
A portrait of Adelasia Obertenghi, Alberto's eldest daughter
By contemporary standards, the campaign against Mallorca paled in comparison to other crusades prosecuted against the infidel in the years after the declaration of the first Crusade against Tunis, which it must be noted continued even as Alberto’s armies converged upon the two Islands. Indeed, the least of the Dukes of our empire could likely muster as great a force. Details of the campaign are somewhat scarce, the Emir of Mallorca, who made his residence in the mainland of Iberia, deriving only his title from the Islands, expended little effort in their defense, the entirety of his force consumed in contesting the possession of Murcia from the Archbishop of Francia, Alberto’s undeclared ally in the endeavor who invested and ultimately conquered his Iberian possessions. Upon setting foot upon the beaches of Mallorca, Alberto is said to have declared to the Mallorcans only that, “We are Islanders alike; I come only to liberate you from your absentee lords. Too well do I know the scorn of the mainland. Of that disdain, you shall have none from me.” Indeed, although the predominant faith of the Mallorcans did not mirror Alberto’s, little strife existed between Infidel and Christian during Alberto’s reign, with open revolt following only after the accession of Demetrio, who took a dimmer view of heresy and ultimately compelled their submission to the one true faith. After a brief campaign of six months, Alberto succeeded in conquering Mallorca and Menorca alike, declaring himself now Duke of Sardinia and Mallorca.
The newly conquered islands
Despite the double duchy which he now proclaimed himself master of, the international community looked upon Alberto’s accession with contempt, the King of Naples remarking to an ambassador who compared the conquest of Mallorca to the King’s own conquest of Sicily that “The Obertenghi’s have a gift for conquering undefended provinces. We Normans, however, prefer a bit of sport with our enemy, and Islands worth owning” the ambassador, sent to negotiate a marriage between Demetrio and the King’s youngest daughter, found himself summarily dismissed from court, his offer coolly rebuffed.
In the years following the proclamation of the dual duchy, the new double Duke Alberto busied himself with the maintenance of his realm. The wars took a disastrous toll upon the finances of the duchy, the cost of transporting the army to Mallorca and then to Menorca eradicated the treasury. and Alberto strove to render the Duchy solvent again. In these efforts, true to his word on the beaches of Mallorca he refrained from discriminating or withholding funds from the newly conquered territories, indeed, Mallorca almost immediately became the driving engine of the economy, it’s income double that of Corsica’s. Alberto traveled extensively, often visiting vassals in person to negotiate tribute, Mariano, the Count of Arborea, once a lukewarm vassal, became steadfast in his devotion. Gradually, sawmills, fisheries, and other industries blossomed in the islands, bringing with them a new found prosperity.
Alberto became concerned with his legacy as well, he grew on in years, and following the death of Chiano Margherita, who during this decade is sometimes rumored to have been mad or at least profoundly depressed by official reports, bore him only one son, Demetrio, with three daughters following. Alberto’s bastard, Germano, lacked the prestige to declare himself legitimate, and ultimately even the soundness of mind necessary to formulate the thought, though this did not become clear until later in his life. Of Demetrio’s character in youth much has been remarked, although a thorough investigation of the record reveals that much of the evidence commonly associated with heirs, from tutors correspondence to priest’s remarks on their piety, seems to have been subsequently culled from the record, an act many attribute to Demetrio himself. The most famous, if perhaps apocryphal, tale, involves his cruelty to animals. A legend amongst Corsica villagers, though it can not be verified, suggests that Demetrio feasted upon dogs, cats, and even children in the royal keep, until the hand of God touched him and encouraged him to turn his rage against the infidels. Though this tale clearly suffers from the embellishment of centuries, a bit of murkiness does surround Demetrio, a shadow his defenders, especially those in the church who defer to his subsequent canonization, struggle with.
Shortly after Demetrio’s ninth birthday, Alberto began to spend a great deal more time in Corsica, and ultimately decided to raise his children himself. The reasons for this decision are unknown, though gossip suggests it coincided with Margherita’s belated recovery from a malaise which infected her after Chiano’s death. In addition, during this time, long after another child was looked for; Margherita conceived for a final time and bore Alberto a final child, and another son, whom they named Vittorio, in belated celebration for Alberto’s conquest of Mallorca. Alberto raised Vittorio from birth, although he did not live to see his youngest son reach his majority.
In an effort to legitimize Germano, Alberto succeeded in arranging his marriage to Elvira de Coimbra. This marriage reflects his burgeoning interest in Iberia, fueled by his Mallorcan conquest. Elvira de Coimbra’s chief significance was that she was the heiress of the Duchy of Braganza. Widely remarked upon as a coup even by those who professed to respect the grasping Alberto little, this marriage gave ensured that any potential children of Germano would stand to inherit the Duchy of Branganza, and bring it into the Obertenghi’s ever expanding sphere of influence. Although some considered this a coup, as Alberto seemed to succeed in marrying his bastard to a woman far beyond his own station, others insisted that this reflected only the desperation of Elvira’s father, a deposed exile shunned by his more powerful in-laws, whose previous arranged marriage for Elvira proved disastrous when her husband died of pneumonia a mere three years into their union, and without producing an heir. In an effort to further legitimize Germano, Alberto granted him the County of Menorca upon the occasion of his wedding, despie his recent excommunication, carried out by the Pope in retaliation for Alberto’s failure to join the Tunisian crusade despite his proximity and prompted by rumors of Germano’s heresy.
Indeed, although few records attest to Demetrio’s youth, numerous documents purport to Germano’s heresy and madness. Upon his arrival in Menorca he insisted upon speaking solely in the Greek tongue, and insisted upon making his residence upon the highest promonotory of the Island, declaring it Olympus, where he would patiently await communication from Zeus, with whom he claimed to converse regularly. Alberto, in Corsicsa, gave little credence to these rumors while he lived. This regrettable indulgence of his heresy on Alberto’s part does little to recommend him to the church. Many of these accounts have long been suggested to have been the work of Demetrio, whose relationship with Germano suffered, it is thought, from Alberto’s attempts to legitimize Germano, which Demetrio perceived as a threat to his rights as heir. In any case, Germano evidently attended little to his wife, as they failed to produce any children over the course of their seven year marriage. Upon his death at twenty three, his brother, in a gesture of magnamity, granted Menorca to his widow, who contemporaries suggest actually ruled Menorca during Germano’s tenure as Count. Elvira de Coimbra ultimately outlived both brothers, surviving to the age of seventy seven, perishing in the reign of Demetrio’s grandson, St. Gaimar. Braganza itself ultimately passed through the line of her younger sister’s children.
While Alberto’s efforts to legitimize Germano and annex Braganza ultimately proved fruitless, the marriage he arranged for Demetrio ultimately resulted in a profound effect on the history of the duchy. Alberto, thinking that he secured his dynasty a future in Iberia, sought to secure a similar foundation in Italy by wedding Demetrio to Hunila of Salerno, the only daughter of Gisulf II of Salerno.
Although Gisulf possessed two healthy sons and few viewed Hunila as an heiress, the alignment of Corsica and Salerno presented a united Western front to combat any further Norman expansion. Pessimists remarked that Alberto, the descendent of Lombard princes, and Gisulf, the last of the Lombard princes, were simply uniting by blood the last remnants of a futile people, one which hardly threatened to combat the ascendancy of the Normans in the region, whose successes in Sicily were coupled with expansion northward, into Urbino. Indeed, many point to the origins of enduring strife between Sicily and the Obertenghi in this marriage.
Salerno, surrounded by enemies
Shortly after Alberto announced this arrangement, an interesting offer approached him from the newly ensconced King of France, Guillaume d’Aquitaine, sometimes called the Usurper. The crusade against Tunisia drained France, its chief champion, weakening the Capetian King’s purse, indeed, despite a campaign of over a decade Tunis remained in the defiant hands of the King of Zirids, who even succeeded in snatching a few French provinces, if temporarily, from the hands of French lords. In addition, the successful gains of France in Tunisia were largely attributable to the Archbishop of Francia’s leadership, which assured that lands which were conquered did not become available for redistribution by the King, further weakening his position. Guillaume d’Aquitaine, the most powerful of the French dukes, sensing the exhaustion of the French people in their crown and their King, proclaimed the King unfit to rule in the wake of the Zirid conquest of Toulouse, and declared war upon the embattled Phillipe, whose exhausted armies put up little fight as the Guillaume stormed Paris. Proclaiming himself King by right of Conquest, Guillaume won over the conquering Archbishop of Francia, who crowned him King in Rheims. The Capetians were reduced to mere Dukes of Orleans. Although Guillaume succeeded in wresting the Crown from Phillipe, the war against the Zirids persisted, and after successfully expelling the infidel from France itself, he sought to take the war to Tunisia itself, to fulfill the crusade. Seeking local allies, the Archbishop of Francia persuaded him to contact Alberto, whose conduct in the Mallorcan war impressed him, and the Archbishop saw as a useful counterweight to the growing strength of Sicily. The Usurper’s offer to Alberto was to join him in the holy crusade and march of Tunisia, where the French King promised that the renewed armies of his Kingdom combined with Alberto’s would triumph over the Zirids. Most enticing of all, he assured Alberto that he himself had no permanent interests in the area, and would allow the provinces of the Zirid’s to be occupied in the name of the Duchy of Mallorca and Sardinia.
King Guillaume I of France, the Usurper
Alberto, always cautious and well aware of the enduring power of the Zirid’s against nations far greater than his own such as France, England, and Sicily, consulted with his wife and Azzo Terzi. Legend has it that these three deliberated for days before a consensus formed whereby Alberto, declaring that like his Grandfather Obert, he too would crusade against the Infidels, commanded a grand mobilization of the Duchy’s and ventured to Tunisia. Demetrio, recently wed, responded first to the mobilization, raising his own regiment of Cagliari and proclaiming the crusade as well.
In addition, shortly before departing, Alberto entrusted his final will Azzo Terzi. Along with placing in Terzi’s hands the stewardship of this important document, Alberto rewarded the man with the hand of his eldest daughter Adelasia in marriage, a move which shocked many who considered the daughter of even a pauper Duke a prize quite beyond any that the low-born Terzi could aspire to. In any case, this marriage laid the foundation of the Terzi dynasty.
Adelasia Obertenghi, wife of Azzo Terzi
With affairs at home yet again in the capable hands of Terzi, Alberto set sail on his final campaign directly to Tunis, as he believed that only a direct assault upon the object of the crusade would succeed, as the French had proved thoroughly in previous efforts that the conquest of outlying territories accomplished little.
Commentary by Harun Obertenghi
In this portion of the Lives Pandulf sets the tone for the first of many dynamic relationships between siblings, particularly brothers, which in popular culture has long been portrayed as the hereditary bane of the Obertenghis. In this particular instance, however, the context in which Pandulf first attempts to portray a dynamic of sibling rivalry between Germano and Demetrio, bears a little explanation. Pandulf, writing at the beginning of the fifteenth century it must be remembered, was only a century and a half removed from the conflagration of the Brother’s War, the great civil war and dynastic struggle between two sons of House Obertenghi that so dominated the thirteenth century. The paradigm of Obertenghi brothers and their feuds was very much alive and vibrant at the time of his writing, and Pandulf’s affinity for it seems apparent in this chapter. Therefore, any attempts to inject a vein of rivalry into the narrative at such an early stage must be viewed with a jaundiced eye in light of the contemporary historiography of Pandulf’s time. That said, that Demetrio, a man subsequently canonized by the Church, and Germano, his bastard excommunicated brother, did not get along must not shock us either, particularly given Alberto’s attempts to legitimize him in order to provide his nascent dynasty with additional heirs, a move which it seems would naturally arouse resentment in his legitimate heir.
Over the years, many psychiatrists have speculated about what ailment troubled Germano. Although contemporary accounts, and even Pandulf, claim that Germano claimed to here voices, such as Zeus, the temptation to label Germano as a medieval schizophrenic must be resisted however as no diagnosis of a man dead nearly nine hundred years can ever hope to be accurate, indeed, Germano’s voices might have under different circumstances have rendered him a Saint, and the veracity of any such secondhand accounts is questionable. However, it is true that the remains of a Villa from the late eleventh century have been discovered by archeologists at Monte Toro, Menorca’s highest point, suggesting that at least this part of Germano’s tale may have a ring of truth to it, though none of the artifacts recovered attest to the place going by the name Olympus.