When Alfons de Balaguer published Salmó’s story in 1164, the story’s hero, or better anti-hero was already dead. It is, unfortunately for later generations, the only source regarding the life story of the Count de Barcelona-Urgell. Alfons' own sources, respectively the writing of his mentor, Fadrique de Barbastro later Diocese of very same, as well as the memoirs of Salmó himself, are lost to the world after.
This editor’s note in the beginning of the second chapter is necessary, as the political outline of this time is not given within the book. The author had taken it as given, and thus, for later readers, complicated the understanding of the coming events. The following notes shall help grasping the difficult political situation of the time.
When Salmó’s coup succeeded in 1110, both the Kingdoms of Castille y Leon and the Kingdom of Galicia y Portugal were already at war with the Moors, united not more than five years before by the Emir of Sevilla. It is interesting to note that all four of them were based on very shaky foundations.
The King of Castille y Leon, Velasco I Jimenez, who had inherited the throne of Leon very early after his father's death in the battle of Molina, had lost a lot of reputation after it became public that he ordered a successful assassination on his own uncle, Sancho II, as well as the very shaky claim and later annexation of Navarra.
The King of Galicia y Portugal had a lot of trouble with his own nobility, which not only disagreed with his rule, which had been extended over Portugal only after a bloody coup, but also with his centralistic approach to power in the new found Kingdom. As reaction to this he had to promise them huge lands south of the Tejo, lands before in the hands of Sevilla.
Sevilla on the other hand was simply based on greed. The Emirs of Sevilla had from 1066 to 1108 united the Moors in Iberia simply by bloody wars. This, however, had severely crippled the manpower resources of the country. Thus, when war came, the Emir not only had to take loans, but also depend on mercenaries.
From 1100 on the Emirate of Sevilla was in a constant war with first Venice, which had taken the lands south of Catalonia, who had expanded its land over the Ebro to the south, as well as Tangier and the Balears as base, then Castille y Leon and later Galicia y Portugal. It could prove itself victorious against the Venetians, who had to abandon the lands they had taken from 1080 on as they fought a two fronts war, and the Italian holdings, mainly the area around Treviso and Padua, taken between 1090 and 1100, had been endangered by Tuscanese armies under Mathilda of Canossa. However, it still had to fight a two front war with the Christian Iberians, of whom Alfonso even could reach the outskirts of Cordoba before being driven back by Moorish Mercenaries over the Tajo. In the short time from 1108 to 1110 the Christians could even take Toledo and hold it against the Moors in one siege before being forced to abandon the city in April, shortly before Salmó started his own campaign.
It may be noteworthy that in the time period from 1080 to 1098, when the Venetians had to abandon it, cities up to Valencia had been taken by Christians and as that retaken by the Iberians, in opposite to the Muslim Andalusians. Also interesting is the action by the Doge of Venice, who settled Italian peasants in the countryside.
The following maps have been reconstructed in order to make the events easier to understand.
The situation at the beginning of the unification is probably well known to most of the readers, the Moors are divided into various Emirates fighting each other as well as the Christians. By this time the greatest of them are Zaragoza, Badajoz and Toledo.
But this soon will change. In only seven years the Emir of Zaragoza will lose many miles of lands under pressure of Christian expansion, making the border between the Duchy of Catalonia and the Emirate the Ebro. Galicia will meanwhile, in 1074, succeed in a coup against the Duke of Porto, effectively unifying the two Duchies under one.
As one can see the Emirate of Sevilla managed to use flaws and weaknesses in the surrounding states and expand on the cost of mostly Cordoba and Granada. When Toledo crumbled under the heaviness of various attackers, under them also Cordoba, Sevilla decided to stab the very same attackers in the back and take their land. Cordoba, as well as Granada, soon were annexed and the Emirate could expand further in the south.
Badajoz as well as Toledo would further go down under Christian attack and that Sevilla decided to attack them from the south definitely didn't help them. At the same time the expansion of Valencia, which might as well have taken up the rule over the Moors as the Sevillans were close to a fatal overstretch, were at this time unable, distracted by the invading Venetians, who decided to attack the Balears in an attempt to oppose the Genoese rule over the Western Mediterranean. At the very same time, in 1089, the King of France invaded Catalonia and forced the Duke to give up the County of Rosello.
The next ten years saw further dissolution of Emirates as the Sevillans took over more and more. The Castillians could expand over the Tajo and Badajoz was near to complete destruction. The Venetians could take over more land from Valencia and even take Tangier from the Hammadids while finally reaching a border with Sevilla.
A border that would not hold for long. The Emir, who already was in that area, took a minor dispute over the border as excuse for war and invaded the Venetians, who were not able to bring men into their Iberian holdings since they were distracted by quarrels and finally wars in Italy. The Moors were finally forced to unite under one banner, that of Sevilla, when the Emir crushed the Catalan army in Tortosa, making the Ebro the border and bringing an armistice between his realm and that of Castille y Leon, driving them back over the Tajo. However, the truce broke only a few months after, in the spring of 1108 the Christians decided to break it and an alliance between Galicia and Leon crossed the Tajo. However, the Moors were able to hold them off and repel them in late 1109, the time this story starts.
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So, I hope to have given a bit of an outline of the story so far. I do not know how much of a role Alfons de Balaguer will play in the later part or if he even will play any, but it is possible. The character is rather old, but had not the chance to be introduced until now, just as this part.
I'll admit, I had planned to have this posted on Friday instead of the first part of the second chapter, but I hope you can live with it, it's not like the chronology of this very part made a difference and the maps were taking longer than I had thought. So, finally some maps and not just story and even if I'm not all that happy with the bit cartoonish look of it it is definitely sufficient for now. I would have prefered some older map but my skills would not do that justice and without printer or scanner creating ten different maps (I have some others as well) by printing it, colouring by hand and then scanning it in, as I had planned to, isn't really possible.
Kudos to
CrackdToothGrin for his tutorial and my father for scanning in and sending me the blank maps this is based on. Now to the comment.
Jimbo: Salmó's stance towards religion is something I still wonder about myself. While he does not really seem all too religious, I doubt he really is a sceptic or even non-religious. However, until now he still sees himself absolutely justified, and if it is fate for him to be King, it must be Gods will, no? I wonder if he will get any kind of attention, or, who will eventually hear it, but personally I doubt I really have an answer at this time. As I said, I have summarised and an outline of the story, but not exactly how the different characters will react.