February 1949: All the King’s Horses – Part I
The American military had existed in a manner of limbo since the conclusion of the Pacific War in 1946. With a slow and steady decline in overall manpower, the potential still remained in place for a vast army along the lines of that contemplated during the latter stages of the conflict versus Japan. While the Army consisted of the shells of a couple hundred under strength divisions, the Navy was still undergoing the vast modernization undertaken under the auspices of President Lindbergh’s
”replace and upgrade” compromise with Congress. In essence, enough ships were under construction or being planned to completely replace the Navy of the 1940s with something more appropriate for the coming decades. The Air Force, meanwhile, had seen drastic reductions in recent years, though research and development were not touched. In addition, the fruition of the United States rocketry program also saw an increase in the vitality of this youngest branch of the armed forces.
To provide continued leadership for this transitional phase in the military, President Lindbergh placed several proposals before Congress as advocated by the leading generals and admirals in the military. The Defense Reorganization Act (DRA) of 1949 called for a permanent institution of the ad hoc “Joint Chiefs of Staff” which had existed during the 1940s, formalizing this body with the heads of the Army, Navy, and Air Force, and governed by a Chairman proposed by the President. A second aspect of this bill was the creation of a Secretary of the Air to complement the current Departments of War and the Navy. This Air Department would include oversight of the Air Force, the rocketry program, and civilian aviation. Owing to the greater attention focused on the NIA Bill, the DRA passed relatively quickly, with only a couple amendments, the first being the requirement for Senate approval of a Chairman and the second being the removal of the Marine Corps Commandment from the JCS.
Lindbergh would replace three of the four top spots in the military leadership, retaining only General Curtis LeMay as Chief of Staff of the Air Force. LeMay’s advocacy of a strong strategic bombing corps was very much in keeping with the President’s own aviation philosophy. For Chief of Staff for the Army, the President turned to Mark Clark, whose performance in Australia had made him one of the top generals in the service as well as a potential presidential candidate for a time. A proponent of the
”big and modern” school, Clark was another commander who matched Lindbergh’s intentions. To round out the services, Admiral Louis Denfield was promoted to Naval Chief of Staff, or Chief of Naval Operations (CNO). Advocating a strong “big carrier” force to protect the ocean fronts and to sustain America’s overseas relationships, Denfield favored the full implementation of the proposed
United States-class ‘supercarriers’.
Perhaps Lindbergh’s most public selection was his tapping General Douglas MacArthur, former political rival, to become the nation’s first Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff. Although his military record to this point was more a matter of political promotion than battlefield success, MacArthur was very much in the public eye as a commander whose anti-communism rivaled only the top members of the National administration. However, within a day of the announcement of his promotion, charges were immediately leveled at he and the President, with accusations of a
”corrupt bargain”, trading his chance at the Presidency for a certain nomination to the military’s top spot. Although the strong Republican presence in the Senate would ensure his confirmation, MacArthur’s position as JCS would be questioned for some time.
In all, the President had put into place one of the strongest military leadership teams of the past decade, with four men who were unrepentant crusaders for the massive expansion and improvement of their services. Already, lines were being drawn in Congress for what was sure to be a major 1949 budgetary battle.
Generals Mark Clark, Douglas MacArthur, Curtis LeMay, and Admiral Louis Denfield
Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1949