Chapter 26 – The Novgorod War (1590-1592)
“Invincible”
The White Army
In March representatives of King Christian managed to convince the Bohemian Assembly to support his war efforts against Muscovy, despite protests from the Catholic majority. An army of 17,000 troops was sent north along the Teutonic Road, to meet with the King’s armies in Estland. Christian, emboldened by the Bohemian agreement, began to plan the retaking of Novgorod. With his northern frontier secured by the Dutch Army of the Baltic, his forces drove the Muscovites from Lithuania and Karelia, while Russian-held Novgorod was besieged. The Bohemian Army arrived in late June, joining with the King and his Swedish spearhead as it marched towards Novgorod.
Just outside of Pskov, Christian’s army ran headlong into the advancing White Army. Czar Simon had spent the spring assembling a vast force of 35,000 troops, composed of 7,000 Don Cossacks and 28,000 Russian levies. Christian commanded only 4,000 cavalry and 19 infantry regiments, and was unprepared to face such a horde. Christian hastily moved his troops into defensive positions on the shores of Lake Peipus, anchoring his left flank on a small fortified farmstead. The Bohemian infantry, composing the bulk of his forces, were arrayed along a low stone wall, while the far right flank was held by his Swedish cavalry. There was no time to erect cavalry obstacles, so parts of the facing fields were set alight to obscure the enemy’s vision.
Bohemian skirmishers at Pskov
The Muscovites assaulted across the entire line, with their pikes arranged in double depth in an attempt to overwhelm the Bohemian infantry. The Cossacks attempted to break the Swedes on the far right flank, charging their positions repeatedly throughout the morning. Both sides suffered heavy casualties in the close combat fighting. However, as the day wore on, rumors began to spread among the Russian forces that the Cossacks were deserting, causing their morale to plummet. Sensing a change in the tide of battle, Christian ordered his infantry to counterattack, driving back the Russian spearmen. As the soldiers in the front line began to fall back in panic, the units behind them wavered and broke, until a full scale retreat spread across the Muscovite lines. The levies ran from the field with stories of “invincible” Bohemians and Swedish witchcraft. One Ukrainian nobleman claimed that the ground opened up and poured out the ghosts of Teutonic Knights, which slaughtered his men before him.
King Christian II celebrates victory at Pskov
The Battle of Pskov resulted in over 9,000 dead on either side, but the outnumbered Bohemians and Swedes managed to hold the field. However, while the White Army withdrew back to Pskov, elsewhere the Muscovite offensive continued. The Swedes were forced back out of Lithuania, and their settlements in Estland and Ingria were threatened with attack. While Novgorod was retaken in August, but only Christian’s battered army stood between it and the Russian Bear. Meanwhile, in the north the Dutch general Gaspar Schouten began to concoct a plan to land an unexpected blow against the Czar.
Excerpt from Journal of Andrés Munoz de Huelva, Captain-Major in the Army of the Baltic
May 20
With our losses last week, we’ve merged with that Mayenne cur Hardouin’s regiment. At least since I’m the senior surviving officer in Tosetti’s old unit, I’ve become Hardouin’s Adjutant and promoted to Captain-Major. I hate the illegitimate son of a French sow with a passion, but he kept a cool head during the worst of the fight, and we’re all alone out here with nary a sign of reinforcement.
As a newly minted senior officer, I had the “pleasure” of sitting in on General Schouten’s staff meeting. He’s hatched some daft scheme out of that egg head of his, and thinks he can deal a major blow to the Rus. Seems that while he was working for Swieten, he heard that the British negotiated a trade deal with the Czar, and that their ships travel in and out of a port called Archangel to the North. He thinks we can march up there and burn the town, and it would stop the flow of English gold to Moscow. I think he’s a loon – only six men in ten are left from when we left Turku, and I doubt even that many are in shape to march deeper into these benighted woods! But he was adamant, and feckless Hardouin agreed with him, so tomorrow we head north. Damn them both up and down.
June 18
Miracle of miracles, we’ve arrived! Finally no more marching across endless swamp! At least its warmed up, but now all manner of biting flies swarm about. And somehow, the sun never sets in the sky! Round and round it goes, enough to drive a man mad. The sooner this campaign is over, the sooner I can leave this terrible land.
We’ve established our base at a town called Severodvinsk, a few miles upstream of Archangel. The whole town is made of wood, so when we threatened to burn it the craven peasants let us in. Amazingly, just as Schouten said there was a company of Englishmen that greeted us. Schouten had a meeting with them, and afterwards they seemed riled by whatever he told them. Despite the tiny size of this hamlet, there’s a great big pier on the shore, enough for five or six caravels, at least.
An even greater blessing, shortly after we arrived some Dutch ships sailed up! They said they were part of a blockade that’s been up here for over a year, keeping the Muscovite fleet from coming downstream. They’ve been hunting seals and whales, and have plenty of provisions for us. One of the captains claimed that the whole sea froze over during the winter, and their ships were locked in the ice. I can scarcely believe that it could ever be cold enough for such a thing, even this far north.
We’ve scouted the Russian positions to the south of us. Unlike Severodvinsk, Archangel has stone towers in its walls, although most of the town is still wood. However, there’s a great stone monastery on an island in the center of the river, which the townsfolk have turned into a fortress. Guarding it is the Muscovite fleet – two big caravels, and some smaller ships, which they’ve anchored in the river. We’ve only got five thousand men, not nearly enough to force such a position. We will have to wait them out, although Schouten keeps worrying about the coming winter. In the meantime, we’ve begun building cabins out of the logs that keep drifting downstream. The river’s choked with them, apparently from logging camps upriver. Might as well make use of them.
The Dutch Fleet in the White Sea, Winter 1590
Excerpt of letter from the Swedish Ambassador to the United Provinces, His Excellency Anton Severinson, to King Christian II Brahe
August 10
Your Highness,
In light of your glorious victory over the Russians at Pskov, the States-General have offered our Kingdom a two-year loan of 350,000 gulden, at an extremely generous rate of 4.0%. Pending your approval, I will accept this offer, as our war fund has withered to nothing. I await your instructions.