Clay is walking a fine line before causing the destruction of the whig party at this rate.
-
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Soon, when I find the CD with all of my screen shots on it, I will pick up this AAR again.
Should be in the next week or so.
Should be in the next week or so.
That ending to the Mexican War is one Europeans would have preferred and expected, I think. Still, you have my condolences.
Great AAR - and it is good to see you writing again.
Great AAR - and it is good to see you writing again.
Windows.
Part 1: new England
~~~
With Clay’s success and the election of the Whigs to office, the country took its first real steps away from the Jacksonian democrats that had ruled for the last decade. Clay, and his compatriots, hoped to effect a change across the spectrum for American politics and life. With the Revolution now a distant past, the United States had new frontiers, and a new future, to look forward to. This was the ideal in which American life was held in 1844. However, there was no great unified vision of the future in America. In fact the country was split in four ways in 1844.
The North-East, New England, was perhaps the most aggressive of any part of the nation. The Liberal labor forces of Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont dominated the local houses of congress, and supported the Whigs overthrow of the ‘Slave-South’ Democrats. Central New England was still dominated by the land-owning farmers of New York and Massachusetts. The fall of powerful clergy in this area had been a slowly established one, as secular politicians arose to replace them. The Second Great awakening which had blossomed in the 1830’s, came to an end in the 1840’s. These politicians called on God to bless the Union as often as the preachers of the City upon a Hill had. But with their new found followers enthralled, the politicians of the North needed a target; and the South stood as a ripe target.
William Lloyd Garrison
Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, New England had looked upon the south as a regional phenom, not truly in line with the main stream of American thought. The southern aristocracy represented the British, with their indulgences and archaic society. This only blossomed as religion, and the memory of revolutionary heroes such as Washington and Jefferson, faded. The decision by the US Postmaster General to refuse to carry abolitionist pamphlets into the south only enraged these New Englanders.
One such New England was William Lloyd Garrison. He, along with Benjamin Lundy, began publishing abolitionist newspapers in the North. Although Lundy was dead by 1844, Garrison was not. Garrison was the most prominent and productive of the abolitionists in the North. He took the end of slavery to be a true mission; a crusade against an ultimate evil. His American Anti-Slavery Society led the way for anti-slavery organizations to take root. Garrisonianism became a philosophy all of its own. And it spread throughout much of Old New England.
In New York and the mid-west, these ideas were not as popular. Garrison believed his Anti-Slavery Society should not be aligned with any political party, while many in New York and the Mid-West called upon the Whigs to take up the cause of abolition. The AASS was also far more radical than many in the Union wished to be. With such prominent women as Elizabeth Cady Stanton helping champion Garrison’s cause; as well as Indian Rights advocates such as Wendell Phillips, many in the Mid-West and New York thought the AASS was going too far.
“If there is no struggle, there is no progress.”
Nevertheless, Garrison was the most prolific and powerful speaker for abolition. His newspaper, The Liberator was a no-holds barred assault on the Southern ‘institution’ that was slavery. Garrison and his ilk supported men like Frederick Douglas, freed blacks who called for abolition. They looked upon the South with the same disdain that many Southerners would cast north. It was as though, in the minds of most people, the United States was two countries.
The oddities of this situation were that politicians, on the national level, did not represent this fact. Henry Clay, who many in the North had supported in the ’44 election, was born in Virginia. His vice president was from North Carolina; even the most prominent northerner in Clay’s cabinet, Daniel Webster, was not an abolitionist politician. In fact, the Clay administration had tipped the balance of power back to the South be admitting Florida as a slave state (however, the number of slave-owners in Florida was minimal). Even with these seemingly traitorous acts, the Northern Whigs did not turn immediately against the Clay office.
It would in fact by the death of a Pennsylvanian that kept the Whigs united. Pennsylvania was the state on the border. It sat between the Southern capital of Virginia, the New England powerhouse that was New York, and the Mid-West. However, Pennsylvania had long been, and would for many years after, be dominated by Quaker principles. One major platform for most Quaker politicians was abolition. When Henry Augustus Philip Muhlenberg was nominated for governor of Pennsylvania with no real competition, Whigs began to run for the hills. A Democrat in Pennsylvania would split the state.
Muhlenberg died shortly before the election took place, and the Democrats were forced to quickly nominate a successor. Francis Rawn Shunk was called upon to run against Whig opponent Joseph Markle, and despite (or perhaps thanks to) the death of Muhlenberg, Markle won. This left the Whigs in Pennsylvania in shock. They reacted in the best way possible, uniting behind William F. Johnston, a former democrat. Johnston was an abolitionist, but not a Garrisonian. He called for a moderate and gradual process to end slavery in the south. This was far more in line with the Pro-Clay Whigs of the Mid-West, and the radical New Englanders.
Thomas Ewing of Ohio
The sight of Pennsylvania rallying behind its Whig politician caused Whigs across the board to unite. Thomas Ewing led the Whigs in Ohio and the Mid-West, and agreed to meet with John Nelson of Maryland and Nathan Kelsey Hall, a New York Lawyer who had broken with Garrison and agreed to ally himself to a political party. These three Congressmen formed the “Triumvirate of Whigs” a political coalition devoted to keeping the Whigs inline with Northern abolitionist thought. Nathan Hall was a New Englander born and bred. Hall had started his career as a laborer, and became a Lawyer after attending school in Buffalo New York. He was elected followed the collapse of the Albany regency, and had joined the American Anti-Slavery Society shortly after. Through him New England’s voice would be just as loud as any in the hall of the Whig politicians.
Part 1: new England
~~~
With Clay’s success and the election of the Whigs to office, the country took its first real steps away from the Jacksonian democrats that had ruled for the last decade. Clay, and his compatriots, hoped to effect a change across the spectrum for American politics and life. With the Revolution now a distant past, the United States had new frontiers, and a new future, to look forward to. This was the ideal in which American life was held in 1844. However, there was no great unified vision of the future in America. In fact the country was split in four ways in 1844.
The North-East, New England, was perhaps the most aggressive of any part of the nation. The Liberal labor forces of Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont dominated the local houses of congress, and supported the Whigs overthrow of the ‘Slave-South’ Democrats. Central New England was still dominated by the land-owning farmers of New York and Massachusetts. The fall of powerful clergy in this area had been a slowly established one, as secular politicians arose to replace them. The Second Great awakening which had blossomed in the 1830’s, came to an end in the 1840’s. These politicians called on God to bless the Union as often as the preachers of the City upon a Hill had. But with their new found followers enthralled, the politicians of the North needed a target; and the South stood as a ripe target.
William Lloyd Garrison
Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, New England had looked upon the south as a regional phenom, not truly in line with the main stream of American thought. The southern aristocracy represented the British, with their indulgences and archaic society. This only blossomed as religion, and the memory of revolutionary heroes such as Washington and Jefferson, faded. The decision by the US Postmaster General to refuse to carry abolitionist pamphlets into the south only enraged these New Englanders.
One such New England was William Lloyd Garrison. He, along with Benjamin Lundy, began publishing abolitionist newspapers in the North. Although Lundy was dead by 1844, Garrison was not. Garrison was the most prominent and productive of the abolitionists in the North. He took the end of slavery to be a true mission; a crusade against an ultimate evil. His American Anti-Slavery Society led the way for anti-slavery organizations to take root. Garrisonianism became a philosophy all of its own. And it spread throughout much of Old New England.
In New York and the mid-west, these ideas were not as popular. Garrison believed his Anti-Slavery Society should not be aligned with any political party, while many in New York and the Mid-West called upon the Whigs to take up the cause of abolition. The AASS was also far more radical than many in the Union wished to be. With such prominent women as Elizabeth Cady Stanton helping champion Garrison’s cause; as well as Indian Rights advocates such as Wendell Phillips, many in the Mid-West and New York thought the AASS was going too far.
“If there is no struggle, there is no progress.”
Nevertheless, Garrison was the most prolific and powerful speaker for abolition. His newspaper, The Liberator was a no-holds barred assault on the Southern ‘institution’ that was slavery. Garrison and his ilk supported men like Frederick Douglas, freed blacks who called for abolition. They looked upon the South with the same disdain that many Southerners would cast north. It was as though, in the minds of most people, the United States was two countries.
The oddities of this situation were that politicians, on the national level, did not represent this fact. Henry Clay, who many in the North had supported in the ’44 election, was born in Virginia. His vice president was from North Carolina; even the most prominent northerner in Clay’s cabinet, Daniel Webster, was not an abolitionist politician. In fact, the Clay administration had tipped the balance of power back to the South be admitting Florida as a slave state (however, the number of slave-owners in Florida was minimal). Even with these seemingly traitorous acts, the Northern Whigs did not turn immediately against the Clay office.
It would in fact by the death of a Pennsylvanian that kept the Whigs united. Pennsylvania was the state on the border. It sat between the Southern capital of Virginia, the New England powerhouse that was New York, and the Mid-West. However, Pennsylvania had long been, and would for many years after, be dominated by Quaker principles. One major platform for most Quaker politicians was abolition. When Henry Augustus Philip Muhlenberg was nominated for governor of Pennsylvania with no real competition, Whigs began to run for the hills. A Democrat in Pennsylvania would split the state.
Muhlenberg died shortly before the election took place, and the Democrats were forced to quickly nominate a successor. Francis Rawn Shunk was called upon to run against Whig opponent Joseph Markle, and despite (or perhaps thanks to) the death of Muhlenberg, Markle won. This left the Whigs in Pennsylvania in shock. They reacted in the best way possible, uniting behind William F. Johnston, a former democrat. Johnston was an abolitionist, but not a Garrisonian. He called for a moderate and gradual process to end slavery in the south. This was far more in line with the Pro-Clay Whigs of the Mid-West, and the radical New Englanders.
Thomas Ewing of Ohio
The sight of Pennsylvania rallying behind its Whig politician caused Whigs across the board to unite. Thomas Ewing led the Whigs in Ohio and the Mid-West, and agreed to meet with John Nelson of Maryland and Nathan Kelsey Hall, a New York Lawyer who had broken with Garrison and agreed to ally himself to a political party. These three Congressmen formed the “Triumvirate of Whigs” a political coalition devoted to keeping the Whigs inline with Northern abolitionist thought. Nathan Hall was a New Englander born and bred. Hall had started his career as a laborer, and became a Lawyer after attending school in Buffalo New York. He was elected followed the collapse of the Albany regency, and had joined the American Anti-Slavery Society shortly after. Through him New England’s voice would be just as loud as any in the hall of the Whig politicians.
So the forces against slavery are starting to align. Very interesting seeing those power shifts takinig place - and how they are so far, if not quite below the horizon, then definitely not yet in the forefront. But they are getting closer.
Stnylan Yep, the Slave issue sort of crept up on my in the game. I never realized how high the percentages of Pop's were either Slavery or Full Citizenship as their primary quality.
Windows
Part 2
~~~
The Mid-West was the fastest growing region of the United States by 1844. The growth of farmlands in the Ohio valley sent migration through the roof. Further North in cities such as Columbus, Detroit, Cleveland and the very young cities of Chicago and Indianapolis, received huge population booms during the 1840’s. While the entire region was poplar for farming and crops, some areas, especially in Cleveland and Indianapolis, a large number of foreign labourers began to settle. Primarily German and Northern European, these newly arrived Americans found the North-West portion of the country to be perfect for their future. The Mid-West was a land of rich and seemingly endless soil, where even a poor man could make a fortune.
This was the land of the American Dream. Soon, wealthy farmers and merchants began to realize the industrial potential of the area. The outlawing of Slavery in the region prevented southern plantation owners from claiming any land in the region, which left it open for industrialization. A group of Cleveland men, led by Samuel Starkweather, began a plan to industrialize the city. Starkweather was joined by Mordecai Bartley, Wilson Shannon (the only non-Whig of the group) and by Ohio Senator Thomas Ewing, and finally by Henry James Lytle of Cincinnati. Together these men gained enough capital to found the Ohio Industrial Company.
Capitalists in Ohio
Using his position in the Senate, Ewing smoothed the OIC’s birth and rise. By February of 1847, the first paper mills were opened in the region. Ewing ensured that pork barrel legislation, such as the Western Improvements Project Act, would give numerous subsidies to the OIC, despite the growing debt of the government. Nevertheless, this project did see a boom in the rise of industry in the mid-west. Immigrants poured into the region, and by the end of the 1840’s, Steel mills and furniture factories popped up on both sides of the Ohio river, and Western Pennsylvania was home to the OIC’s second paper mill.
During this industrial boom, the Mid-West also took on a political nature of its own. For Ohio, Michigan and Indiana, the Whigs shared the political beliefs of many in New England. Led by Ewing, the Whigs of Ohio trumpeted the cause of abolition in the senate, while John S. Barry, a one-time Democrat, used the national attention to promote the growth of Michigan (which saw the foundation of its first University in Ann Arbor at this time). For the most part, the states of the Mid-West would follow the line of Ewing’s Ohio Whigs.
However, this was not so in two places, Kentucky, whose people sat on the border of the Mid West and the Old South, and Illinois, which still suffered from the fears of Mexican attack. Kentucky was a divided state. A third of the population was farmers and plantation owners whose farms dominated the Cumberland River. Their slaves made up a second third of the population. The final slice of the Kentucky pie was the labourers. The coal fields of Kentucky provided many immigrants and poor Americans with work, as did the newly founded factories and Bourbon distilleries throughout the state.
Kentucky, the Melting Pot
However, this caused the opinion of this state to be split down the middle (Slaves having no say in the government). And while few, if any, of the Yankee’s called for Abolition, they did believe in putting an end to the growth of slavery in the Union. This meant very few supported the abolitionist Whigs of Ohio and New England, and kept Kentucky a state split between Democrats and Whigs. The belief in Jacksonian democrats was still high, and the death of Andrew Jackson in 1845 saw a resurgence of Democratic feelings. This left Kentucky as the low man of the Mid-West. Southerners saw it as a backwater state, far to close to Yankee sentiments, while the Northerners saw it as a Democratic bed ruled by crooked plantation owners.
Perhaps the most intriguing state of the Union at the time was the state of Illinois. Illinois had been made a state in 1818, and continued on the path of most Mid-Western states, until 1839. It was in 1839 that the Mormon’s arrived, fleeing Missouri. The town of Nauvoo, home of Joseph Smith and the Mormons, soon became the most populous city in Illinois, topping even the capital in Springfield and the great booming city of Chicago. However, dissidents to Smith’s beliefs began to react, and Smith put them down by force (he was mayor of Nauvoo). As a result, Smith was arrested, but his church was stormed by a mob of men, who shot Smith to death.
.jpg/190px-250px-Joseph_Smith,_Jr._(1843_photograph).jpg)
Joseph Smith Jr. Founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
The result sent Illinois into a frenzy. Thomas Ford, the governor, was forced out of office and replaced by Orville Hickman Browning. Browning knew that his state was on the edge of conflict, and much of what happened would be a result of the succession crisis within the Mormon Church. While the Latter Day Saints argued over succession, Browning increased the size and readiness of his state militia. Illinois’ militia, already large due to the fears of Mexican raids, now sat larger than any other state’s in the union. One third of the population of the state was now soldiers or militiamen. Browning ordered two new border forts built, as well as Fort Bond in Chicago.
Brigham Young emerged as the leader of the Mormon church, and found that Illinois was not a welcoming state as it had been in the past. In 1846 he lead the Mormons out of Illinois and into the newly acquired land in the west (the northern part of present day Utah). However, anti-Mormon and anti-Mexican feelings still reigned in Illinois. The state had been thoroughly Whig, but were angered by the lack of provisions for protection in the Mexican-American treaty. Over the 4 years following the Mexican-American war, anti-Mexican, and anti-Catholic feelings began to come to a head in the state, and this would be key in the years to come. Unlike the rest of the Mid-West, Illinois was not going to resist the wave of change that would sweep across the United States in 1850.
Part 2
~~~
The Mid-West was the fastest growing region of the United States by 1844. The growth of farmlands in the Ohio valley sent migration through the roof. Further North in cities such as Columbus, Detroit, Cleveland and the very young cities of Chicago and Indianapolis, received huge population booms during the 1840’s. While the entire region was poplar for farming and crops, some areas, especially in Cleveland and Indianapolis, a large number of foreign labourers began to settle. Primarily German and Northern European, these newly arrived Americans found the North-West portion of the country to be perfect for their future. The Mid-West was a land of rich and seemingly endless soil, where even a poor man could make a fortune.
This was the land of the American Dream. Soon, wealthy farmers and merchants began to realize the industrial potential of the area. The outlawing of Slavery in the region prevented southern plantation owners from claiming any land in the region, which left it open for industrialization. A group of Cleveland men, led by Samuel Starkweather, began a plan to industrialize the city. Starkweather was joined by Mordecai Bartley, Wilson Shannon (the only non-Whig of the group) and by Ohio Senator Thomas Ewing, and finally by Henry James Lytle of Cincinnati. Together these men gained enough capital to found the Ohio Industrial Company.
Capitalists in Ohio
Using his position in the Senate, Ewing smoothed the OIC’s birth and rise. By February of 1847, the first paper mills were opened in the region. Ewing ensured that pork barrel legislation, such as the Western Improvements Project Act, would give numerous subsidies to the OIC, despite the growing debt of the government. Nevertheless, this project did see a boom in the rise of industry in the mid-west. Immigrants poured into the region, and by the end of the 1840’s, Steel mills and furniture factories popped up on both sides of the Ohio river, and Western Pennsylvania was home to the OIC’s second paper mill.
During this industrial boom, the Mid-West also took on a political nature of its own. For Ohio, Michigan and Indiana, the Whigs shared the political beliefs of many in New England. Led by Ewing, the Whigs of Ohio trumpeted the cause of abolition in the senate, while John S. Barry, a one-time Democrat, used the national attention to promote the growth of Michigan (which saw the foundation of its first University in Ann Arbor at this time). For the most part, the states of the Mid-West would follow the line of Ewing’s Ohio Whigs.
However, this was not so in two places, Kentucky, whose people sat on the border of the Mid West and the Old South, and Illinois, which still suffered from the fears of Mexican attack. Kentucky was a divided state. A third of the population was farmers and plantation owners whose farms dominated the Cumberland River. Their slaves made up a second third of the population. The final slice of the Kentucky pie was the labourers. The coal fields of Kentucky provided many immigrants and poor Americans with work, as did the newly founded factories and Bourbon distilleries throughout the state.
Kentucky, the Melting Pot
However, this caused the opinion of this state to be split down the middle (Slaves having no say in the government). And while few, if any, of the Yankee’s called for Abolition, they did believe in putting an end to the growth of slavery in the Union. This meant very few supported the abolitionist Whigs of Ohio and New England, and kept Kentucky a state split between Democrats and Whigs. The belief in Jacksonian democrats was still high, and the death of Andrew Jackson in 1845 saw a resurgence of Democratic feelings. This left Kentucky as the low man of the Mid-West. Southerners saw it as a backwater state, far to close to Yankee sentiments, while the Northerners saw it as a Democratic bed ruled by crooked plantation owners.
Perhaps the most intriguing state of the Union at the time was the state of Illinois. Illinois had been made a state in 1818, and continued on the path of most Mid-Western states, until 1839. It was in 1839 that the Mormon’s arrived, fleeing Missouri. The town of Nauvoo, home of Joseph Smith and the Mormons, soon became the most populous city in Illinois, topping even the capital in Springfield and the great booming city of Chicago. However, dissidents to Smith’s beliefs began to react, and Smith put them down by force (he was mayor of Nauvoo). As a result, Smith was arrested, but his church was stormed by a mob of men, who shot Smith to death.
Joseph Smith Jr. Founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
The result sent Illinois into a frenzy. Thomas Ford, the governor, was forced out of office and replaced by Orville Hickman Browning. Browning knew that his state was on the edge of conflict, and much of what happened would be a result of the succession crisis within the Mormon Church. While the Latter Day Saints argued over succession, Browning increased the size and readiness of his state militia. Illinois’ militia, already large due to the fears of Mexican raids, now sat larger than any other state’s in the union. One third of the population of the state was now soldiers or militiamen. Browning ordered two new border forts built, as well as Fort Bond in Chicago.
Brigham Young emerged as the leader of the Mormon church, and found that Illinois was not a welcoming state as it had been in the past. In 1846 he lead the Mormons out of Illinois and into the newly acquired land in the west (the northern part of present day Utah). However, anti-Mormon and anti-Mexican feelings still reigned in Illinois. The state had been thoroughly Whig, but were angered by the lack of provisions for protection in the Mexican-American treaty. Over the 4 years following the Mexican-American war, anti-Mexican, and anti-Catholic feelings began to come to a head in the state, and this would be key in the years to come. Unlike the rest of the Mid-West, Illinois was not going to resist the wave of change that would sweep across the United States in 1850.
And what happened there is surely a forestaste of the sort of conflicts to come. I do rather feel sorry for Kentucky though. A rose twixt two thorn-beds? Possibly not...
Windows
Part III- The South
~~~
If in the North, the primary concern was the abolition of slavery, in the south the opposite was the key to political success. Clay was a Virginian, and thus most in the South had hoped his rise would accompany a new and lax policy on slave owners. The success of Whigs across the country stunted that rise, as abolitionists made themselves known in the House. Nevertheless the Executive, and the Judicial were dominated by the south.
Specifically the Supreme Court was controlled by Southern, pro-slave justices. Its head, Supreme Court Justice Roger Taney, was of a slave-holding plantation family. Thus, northern attempts at curbing slavery were overturned when they reached the highest of courts. The cast of Prigg v. Pennsylvania saw the end of Northern laws which protected fugitive slaves. Prigg, a man who captured and returned a fugitive slave, overturned the law by calling it a violation of both the Constitution and the Fugitive Slave Law of 1793.
Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger Taney
Virginia, the Carolina’s and Georgia, which made up the traditional old-south, were staunchly pro-slavery. Although a majority of her people did not own slaves, nearly all whites in the South believed the system worked. Southern aristocrats were not dissimilar to their European counterparts. The sense of noblise oblige penetrated all aspects of life, as the rich took positions of service and authority in the fields of law, and in the military. A southern planter was not a true Southerner unless he played the part.
Maryland, whose population had many shades of the Old South was not to be so clean. One third of Maryland’s population was slaves, however, of those free men, almost half were from the North. Washington D.C. was not the sole source of Yankees, as the northerners, most from New England, settled in places like Frederick, Hagerstown and Baltimore. Of those, almost 90% brought their pro-abolition beliefs with them. Maryland seemed a battleground if ever there was one. The large cities were dominated by Whigs, while the countryside and the coast were controlled by Democrats and their pro-slave policies.
Seminole leader Osceola
With the defeat of the Seminoles in Florida (led by Osceola), the southernmost state was admitted as a slave state. Immediately farmers, and plantation owners gravitated south. With them came slaves. By 1844, ten percent of the population was slaves, and a large number of Indians still lived within the State’s borders (the reservation system of Florida would not occur for some time). At the same time a rather peculiar group of immigrants landed in Florida. A group of Young Hegelians, student politicians in Prussia, left the country in disgrace, having been caught in a conspiracy against the crown. They fled to America, seeking refuge in the North. However, they were denied, as many Northern politicians feared the influence these radical troublemakers would bring with them. In the end, they settled in Florida, founding Die Freie Stadt, or the Free City (today known as Freesdat). This small city, carved into the wilderness of Florida, took on a life of its own. By 1850 it would become the largest city in Florida, and be named the state Capital after the sack of Tallahassee.
The New South was far similar to the Old South than the New North (the mid-west). Dominated by plantation owners, states like Alabama, Louisiana and Mississippi were heavily populated by slaves. In fact, slaves made up over half the population of both Louisiana and Mississippi. These states were ruled by an oligarchy of politicians, the like of which had not been seen since the Albany Regency (although they had shades of the Richmond Gang, though the Virginia politicians would never control so much so easily).
Benjamin Fitzpatrick, governor of Alabama, during the first half of the 1840’s, was the founder of this group, though his loss in 1845 to a fellow Democrat would end his political career. He, together with William Freret of Louisiana (mayor of New Orleans) and Robert J. Walker, senator from Mississippi (whose counterpart in the Senate was Mississippi Whig John Henderson) became leading political figures in the region. Through them all power flowed. Before 1843 the three men had set up the First Southern Triumvirate (it would take this name in the future). Between them they controlled the state and national governments of all three states. They forced Louisiana Whig governor Andre B. Roman out of office by 1843, and replaced him with a sympathetic Democrat.
Robert J. Walker, member of the First Southern Triumvirate
The last outpost of Southern expansion were the states of Tennessee and Missouri, but neither was truly a part of the New South. Like Louisiana, whose population was still heavily militarized thanks to the number of troops guarding the Mexican border, Tennessee was a state that saw many soldiers. The relocation of the Cherokee Indians out of Georgia and into Tennessee left the state in a perpetual state of worry. Men like General Craven and governor James K. Polk, a one-time presidential hopeful were desperately worried about the threat of Mexican-supported Indian rebellions in the state. A constant state of readiness and a well-armed and trained militia (captained by Craven) patrolled the state regularly.
Meanwhile Missouri was more Yankee than southern. A drive east to hopefully cut off the growth of Slavery by many Northerners led to a huge migration into the state. Officially, thanks to the Compromise of 1820 (the Missouri Compromise), Missouri was a slave state. But with over fifty percent of her people from abolitionist backgrounds, the state was hardly within the Southern Triumvirate’s sway. Lilburn Boggs, a democratic governor famous for driving the Mormons into Illinois, was killed in 1842. Although a Mormon was arrested for the crime, many believe it was the act of a Whig, especially given the rapid success of Whig politicians over the next five years in the state. None-the-less, Missouri stood as the most prominent example of a border state. With the slowly rising tensions in the US, Missouri would prove to be the last straw on a fragile peace.
Part III- The South
~~~
If in the North, the primary concern was the abolition of slavery, in the south the opposite was the key to political success. Clay was a Virginian, and thus most in the South had hoped his rise would accompany a new and lax policy on slave owners. The success of Whigs across the country stunted that rise, as abolitionists made themselves known in the House. Nevertheless the Executive, and the Judicial were dominated by the south.
Specifically the Supreme Court was controlled by Southern, pro-slave justices. Its head, Supreme Court Justice Roger Taney, was of a slave-holding plantation family. Thus, northern attempts at curbing slavery were overturned when they reached the highest of courts. The cast of Prigg v. Pennsylvania saw the end of Northern laws which protected fugitive slaves. Prigg, a man who captured and returned a fugitive slave, overturned the law by calling it a violation of both the Constitution and the Fugitive Slave Law of 1793.
Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger Taney
Virginia, the Carolina’s and Georgia, which made up the traditional old-south, were staunchly pro-slavery. Although a majority of her people did not own slaves, nearly all whites in the South believed the system worked. Southern aristocrats were not dissimilar to their European counterparts. The sense of noblise oblige penetrated all aspects of life, as the rich took positions of service and authority in the fields of law, and in the military. A southern planter was not a true Southerner unless he played the part.
Maryland, whose population had many shades of the Old South was not to be so clean. One third of Maryland’s population was slaves, however, of those free men, almost half were from the North. Washington D.C. was not the sole source of Yankees, as the northerners, most from New England, settled in places like Frederick, Hagerstown and Baltimore. Of those, almost 90% brought their pro-abolition beliefs with them. Maryland seemed a battleground if ever there was one. The large cities were dominated by Whigs, while the countryside and the coast were controlled by Democrats and their pro-slave policies.
Seminole leader Osceola
With the defeat of the Seminoles in Florida (led by Osceola), the southernmost state was admitted as a slave state. Immediately farmers, and plantation owners gravitated south. With them came slaves. By 1844, ten percent of the population was slaves, and a large number of Indians still lived within the State’s borders (the reservation system of Florida would not occur for some time). At the same time a rather peculiar group of immigrants landed in Florida. A group of Young Hegelians, student politicians in Prussia, left the country in disgrace, having been caught in a conspiracy against the crown. They fled to America, seeking refuge in the North. However, they were denied, as many Northern politicians feared the influence these radical troublemakers would bring with them. In the end, they settled in Florida, founding Die Freie Stadt, or the Free City (today known as Freesdat). This small city, carved into the wilderness of Florida, took on a life of its own. By 1850 it would become the largest city in Florida, and be named the state Capital after the sack of Tallahassee.
The New South was far similar to the Old South than the New North (the mid-west). Dominated by plantation owners, states like Alabama, Louisiana and Mississippi were heavily populated by slaves. In fact, slaves made up over half the population of both Louisiana and Mississippi. These states were ruled by an oligarchy of politicians, the like of which had not been seen since the Albany Regency (although they had shades of the Richmond Gang, though the Virginia politicians would never control so much so easily).
Benjamin Fitzpatrick, governor of Alabama, during the first half of the 1840’s, was the founder of this group, though his loss in 1845 to a fellow Democrat would end his political career. He, together with William Freret of Louisiana (mayor of New Orleans) and Robert J. Walker, senator from Mississippi (whose counterpart in the Senate was Mississippi Whig John Henderson) became leading political figures in the region. Through them all power flowed. Before 1843 the three men had set up the First Southern Triumvirate (it would take this name in the future). Between them they controlled the state and national governments of all three states. They forced Louisiana Whig governor Andre B. Roman out of office by 1843, and replaced him with a sympathetic Democrat.
Robert J. Walker, member of the First Southern Triumvirate
The last outpost of Southern expansion were the states of Tennessee and Missouri, but neither was truly a part of the New South. Like Louisiana, whose population was still heavily militarized thanks to the number of troops guarding the Mexican border, Tennessee was a state that saw many soldiers. The relocation of the Cherokee Indians out of Georgia and into Tennessee left the state in a perpetual state of worry. Men like General Craven and governor James K. Polk, a one-time presidential hopeful were desperately worried about the threat of Mexican-supported Indian rebellions in the state. A constant state of readiness and a well-armed and trained militia (captained by Craven) patrolled the state regularly.
Meanwhile Missouri was more Yankee than southern. A drive east to hopefully cut off the growth of Slavery by many Northerners led to a huge migration into the state. Officially, thanks to the Compromise of 1820 (the Missouri Compromise), Missouri was a slave state. But with over fifty percent of her people from abolitionist backgrounds, the state was hardly within the Southern Triumvirate’s sway. Lilburn Boggs, a democratic governor famous for driving the Mormons into Illinois, was killed in 1842. Although a Mormon was arrested for the crime, many believe it was the act of a Whig, especially given the rapid success of Whig politicians over the next five years in the state. None-the-less, Missouri stood as the most prominent example of a border state. With the slowly rising tensions in the US, Missouri would prove to be the last straw on a fragile peace.
stnylan said:
Thanks; I needed to figure out a way to explain a pop of German radicals land in barely populated Florida. The South is fairly well set for now; like in real life the South had some strength right till the end.
Here is a Summary, which I will link to in the first post, so that you can sort of catch up on people, places and names. If I miss anyone let me know and I'll throw them up. Soon I'll put in dates of death as well.
~~
Person and Event Guide
In order to help both myself and you the reader keep track of who is who, I’ve included a guide.
~~
Presidents
----
Andrew Jackson- 7th President, 1829-1837 (Democrat) (1767-1845)
----Martin Van Buren- His Vice President
Martin Van Buren- 8th President, 1836-1840 (Democrat) (1782-1862)
----Richard Mentor Johnson- His Vice President
----John Forsyth- His Secretary of State
----Levi Woodbury- His Secretary of the Treasury
----Joel Roberts Poinsett- His Secretary of War
----Felix Grundy- His (2nd) Attorney General
----Mahlon Dickerson- His Secretary of the Navy
John Forsyth- 9th President, 1841 (Democrat) (1780-1841)
----John Tyler - his Vice President
----John C. Calhoun- his Secretary of the Treasury
----George Mifflin Dallas- His Attorney General
----William Learned Marcy- His Secretary of War
----Abel P. Upshur- His Secretary of the Navy
----Mahlon Dickerson- His Secretary of State
*Mahlon Dickerson- 10th President, 1841-1844 (Democrat) (1770-1853)
----He kept most of President Forsyth's cabinet
Henry Clay- 11th President, 1844-1850 (Whig) (1777-1852)
----Willie Person Mangum- His Vice President, from North Carolina
----Daniel Webster- His Secretary of State
Charles Magill Conrad-12th President, 1850-1858 (American) (1804-1878)
----Martin Hienz- His Vice President, War Hero
----Washington Hunt- His Secretary of State from new York, American Party ----loyalist
----Thomas Hart Benton- His Sec. of Treas. from North Carolina
----Thomas Walker Gilmer- His Secretary of War, from Virginia
----John J. Crittenden- His Attorney General, from Kentucky
----George Bancroft-His Secretary of the Navy, from Massachusetts
William Patterson-13th President, 1858-1865 (Democrat) (1790-1870)
----James Buchanan- His Vice President, from Pennsylvania
----Stephen Douglas- his Secretary of State, from Illinois
----Jacob Thompson- his Secretary of the Interior, from North Carolina
----Jefferson Davis- his Secretary of War, from Kentucky
----John Hubbard- His Secretary of the Treasury, from Maine
*Daniel Clark- 14th President, 1865-1872 (Republican) (1809-1891)
----No Vice President for his first term
----Abraham Lincoln- His Secretary of State (then Vice President), from Illinois
----Cyrus Aldrich, His Secretary of the Treasury (until '71)
----John Milton Brannan, His Secretary of War
Thomas Ewing Jr- 15th President, 1872-1876 (Republican) (1829-1896)
----Henry Lane- His Vice President, from Indiana
----Ezra Clark, Jr- His Secretary of State, from Connecticut
----George S. Boutwell- His Secretary of Treasury, from Mass.
----Charles Clayton- His Secretary of the Interior, from California
Justin Smith Morrill- 16th President, 1876-1884 (Republican) (1810-1890)
----Rutherford B Hayes- His Vice President, from Ohio
----John Sherman- His Secretary of State, from Ohio
----William Almy Pirce- His Secretary of Treasury, from Rhode Island
----Morgan Calvin Hamilton- His Secretary of the Interior, from North Texas
Rutherford B Hayes- 17th President, 1884-1888 (Republican) (1822-1893)
----John Davis Long- His Vice President, from Massachusetts
----Benjamin Harrison- His Secreatry of State, from Ohio
----James Garfield- His Secretary of the Treasury, from Ohio
----Sylvester Pennoyer- His Secretary of the Interior, from Oregon
Benjamin Harrison- 18th President, 1888-1892 (Republican)
----William Windom- His Vice President, from Minnesota
----James G. Blaine- His Secretary of State, from Maine
Joseph Daniel- 19th President, 1892-1896 (Populist)
----Thomas Watson- His Vice President, from Georgia
----William Jennings Bryan- His Secretary of State, from Illinois
William V. Allen- 20th President, 1896-1904 (Populist/Democratic-Republican)
----James P. Clark- His first Vice President, from Arkansas
----A. Daniel Candler- His Second Vice President, from Georgia
----Richard Olney- His Secretary of State, from Mass.
David Marston Clough- 21st President, 1904-1912 (Republican)
----Robert Bacon- His Vice President, from Mass.
----Theodore Roosevelt- His Secretary of State, From New York
----Arthur MacArthur- His Secretary of Foriegn Affairs, From Mass.
----Leslie M. Shaw- His Secretary of the Treasury, from Iowa
Robert Bacon- 22nd President, 1912-1916 (Republican)
----William Howard Taft- his Vice President, from Ohio
----Philander Chase Knox- His Secretary of State, from Pennsylvania
----William Gibbs McAdoo- His Secretary of the Interior, from Georgia
Theodore Roosvelt- 23rd President, 1916-1919 (Republican)
----William Howard Taft- His Vice President, From Ohio
----William Gibbs McAdoo- His Secretary of State, from Georgia
*William Howard Taft-24th President, 1919-1920 (Republican)
----William Gibbs McAdoo- His Vice President, From Georgia
Hiram Johnson- 25th President, 1920-1928 (Socialist)
----Robert La Follette- His Vice President, From Wisconsin
----William Pettus Hobby- His Secretary of State, From North Texas
----John Barton Payne- His Secretary of the Interior, from West Virginia
------John E. Hoover- His Under-Secretary, from Washington, D.C.
----Curtis Dwight Wilbur- His Secretary of the Navy, from Iowa
Herbert Hoover- 26th President, 1928-1932 (Republican)
----Hubert Work- His Vice President, From Pennsylvania
Franklin D. Roosevelt- 27th President, 1932- (Socialist)
----George White- His Vice President, From Ohio
Politicians
----
Confederate Politicians
Albert G. Brown (1813- ) Confederate President 1866-1869, fled to France
----Jackson Morton, His Vice President, from Florida
----Howell Cobb, His Secretary of State, from Georgia
----Allen T. Caperton, His Secretary of War, From Virginia
----John Henninger Reagan, His Post Master General
Andrew Gordon Magrath (1813- )- Governor of South Carolina, called for his state to leave the Union
William Gist- Former governor of SC, pro-Confederacy
William Porcher Miles- Confederate politician from SC
Zebulon Baird Vance- Confederate governor of North Carolina
Joseph E. Brown- Pro-Confederate governor of Georgia
Stephen Mallory- Interim governor of Florida, voted for secession late
Thomas Hill Watts- Alabama Governor, sided with secession to stay with other cotton states
Louis Trezevant Wigfall- Pro secession Texas politician
James Winright Flanagan-Pro secession Texas politician
George Davis- North Carolina Confederate Senator
Jefferson Davis- Confederate Presidential hopefull
Judah Philip Benjamin- Confederate politician, proposed a strong central government
John T. Monroe- Confederate Mayor of New Orleans (American Party) abandoned the city for fear of Union takeover.
John S. Carlile- Virginia Unionist, helped West Virginia break free
--
Confederate Military Leaders
Samuel Cooper (1789- ) Highest ranking Confederate General, designed the plan for West Virginia
Robert E Lee (1807-1870) Confederate General in Cheif, commander of all Confederate armies.
Colonel P.G.T. Beauregard (1818- ) Col. in the US army, led the Confederate mutiny in USCA, captured by Union forces
Jubal Early (1816- ) Confederate General, One of Lee's Generals in the East
John Bell Hood (1831- ) Confederate General in the Eastern theatre
Thomas 'Stonewall' 'Burnt Earth' Jackson (1824- ) Famous Confederate General, famous for his iron discipline and burn earth tactics in West Virginia.
James Longstreet (1821- ) Confederate General
Braxton Bragg (1817- ) Confederat commander of the West, lost control of Tennessee and the deep south, credited with loosing the war
William Joseph Hardee (1815-1867) Confederate General, eventually commander of the Arny of Tennesse, slain in battle
Lewis Addison Armistead (1817- ) Confederate General
Lafayette McLaws (1821- ) Union General
Roswell S. Ripley (1823- ) Northern born Confederate General.
Evander McIvor Law (1836- ) Confederate General
Robert Ransom Confederate General in charge of Louisiana
-Matt Whitaker Ransom (1826-1904) His Brother, served in the Civil War, later attempted to rebuild the Democratic Party
William Mahone (1824- ) Confederate General in Louisiana
William Whedbee Kirkland Confederate General
George Pickett (1825- ) Confederate General, famous for his bold charge at Frederick
Wade Hampton III- Confederate Cavalry commander, slain at Smithfield
Nathan Bedford Forrest- Confederate Cavalry commander, slain at Smithfield
-------------
Union Politicians
Presidential Hopefuls
William Henry Harrison (1773-1841)- “Tippecanoe” one time general and presidential candidate from Ohio.
----John Tyler- His running mate, from Virginia.
William L. Marcy (1786-1857) - Democrat, former governor of New York and supporter of Martin Van Buren
John C. Calhoun (1782-1850)- Famous post-colonial politician, perennial presidential candidate.
----Patrick Noble- governor of South Carolina, supporter of Calhoun
----George Rockingham Gilmer- Georgian, supporter of Calhoun
Hugh Lawson White (1773-1840) - Democrat-turned-Whig who ran for president against Van Buren. Enemy of Calhoun.
Daniel Webster (1782-1852)- Whig candidate for President against Van Buren and Charles Conrad, brilliant orator.
Charles Allen(?-1847)- New York politician, founder of the American Party
James K. Polk(1795-1849)Governor of Tennessee and presidential candidate
Josiah Quincy Jr. (1802- ) Mayor of Boston, Whig candidate
----Lewis Tappan- his vice presidential candidate
William Alexander Graham (1804- ) Governor of North Carolina, Whig
----John Bell- his vice presidential candidate
John Tyler (1790-1862) Virginia born vice president, Democratic candidate
----William Smith- Virginian, his vice presidential candidate
Alpheus Felch (1804- ) Maine born Vice Presidential candidate, last great American Party politician.
William Dunn Moseley (1795-1863) Florida born Democratic candidate for President
Benjamin Fitzpatrick (1802-1869) Alabama Democrat, candidate for President.
Don Carlos Buel (1818-1862) The last American Party presidential candidate, murdered.
Henry Smith Lane (1811- ) Republican
----Montgomery Blair- His running mate, from Maryland
James G. Blaine- Republican candidate in 1884, from Maine
John Sherman- Republican candidate in 1884, from Ohio
Grover Cleveland- Democrat candidate in 1884, from New York who helped split to form the Independant Democrats (1884-1886)
----John Franklin Miller, his running mate
Thomas Jackson- Southern leader, rebel General and hero of the South, ran for office on the Democrat ticket twice, most famously in 1884.
----John Griffin Carlisle, his running mate
Abraham Lincoln- Socialist/Populist candidate for President in 1884.
----Thomas Collier Platt, his running mate
John Davis Long- Republican candidate, lost the primary to Benjamin Harrison
Thomas Theodore Crittenden (1832- ) Democrat candidate for President in 1884
James Weaver (1833- ) Populist candidate for President in 1884
Eugene v. Debs (1855-1926) Populist and Socialist politician, ran for President three times but was defeated all three times.
----Henry Gage, his runningmante, from California
James A. Beaver (1837-1914) Republican candidate for President in the late 19th century
----George Edmunds, his runningmate, from Vermont
Thomas G. Jones (1844-1914) Democrat candidate for President
----John Y. Brown, his runningmate, from Kentucky
Robert Lowry (1831-1910) Independant-Democrat candidate for President
----James Z. George, his runningmate, from Mississippi
Henry Watterson (1840-1921) Southern-Democrat candidate for President
----Francis P. Fleming, his runningmate, from Florida.
Thomas Watson (1856–1922) Populist leader and Presidential candidate. Became a political rival to William Vincent Allen and helped split the party.
----Aaron T. Bliss, his runningmate, from New York
William Goebel (1856-1913) Governor of Kentucky, founder of the Nationalist Party and two time Presidential failure.
Joseph Draper Sayers (1841-1929) Final Democratic Presidential candidate, Governor of South Texas
----Andrew Longino, his runningmate, from Mississippi
Joseph Taylor Robinson (1872-1937) Nationalist Candidate for President, from Arkansas.
----Jared Sanders, his runningmate, from Louisiana
Fred Warner (1865-1923) Socialist Candidate for President, from Michigan
Eugene Victor Debs (1855–1926) Popular socialist leader and repeat contender for President, from Indiana
George Pardee (1857-1941) Socialist candidate for President, from California
John J. Pershing (1860-1948) Nationalist hero and Presidential Candidate, as well as General in the Spanish-American War.
George Wylie Paul Hunt (1859-1934) Socialist political organizer, considered presidential run but bowed out to Hiram Johnson
Frederick Hale (1874-1963) Republican Presidential Candidate, from Michigan
----Hugh Dorsey (1871-1948) His Running Mate, from Georgia
Charles McDowell (1871-1943) Nationalist Presidential Candidate and Governor of Alabama
Clarence Edward Case (1877-1961) Socialist successor to Hiram Johnson, form New Jersey
----Emil Seidel- His Running Mate, radical from Wisconsin
Morris Neff (1871-1952)- Governor of South Texas and Nationalist Candidate for President
--
Thomas E. Bramlette- Governor of Kentucky, pro-union. Called out the troops to keep the Kentucky Assembly from voting for secession.
--
“The Richmond Gang”
Thomas Walker Gilmer(1802- ) - Whig politician, Governor of Virginia.
William Cabell Rives (1793- ) -Former Democratic Senator who became a Whig in opposition to Dickerson
William S. Archer (1789- )-Whig senator from Virginia
Charles F. Mercer (1778- ) - Whig congressman from Virginia
Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter (1809- ) - A Whig local legislator in Virginia
--
Henry Augustus Philip Muhlenberg (1782-1844)- Pennsylvania Democrat, unsuccessfully ran for governor, died near election time.
----Francis Rawn Shunk- His replacement, who failed to win the election
Joseph Markle (1793- )- Whig politician who won election as Governor of PA
William F. Johnston (1808- )- Democrat-turned-Whig from Pennsylvania, closet abolitionist
“The Triumvirate of Whigs”
Thomas Ewing(1789- ) - Ohio Wig and political boss and industrialist
John Nelson (1791- )- Maryland Whig
Nathan Kelsey Hall(1810- ) - New York Senator, Whig
--
John S. Barry (1802- )- Michigan businessman, Governor of Michigan
Thomas Ford (1800- ) - Governor of Illinois, forced out by Mormon War
Orville Hickman Browning (1806- )- Governor of Illinois, forced Mormon’s out of state
John Henderson(1797- ) - Whig senator from Mississippi
Andre B. Roman(1795- ) - Whig governor of Louisiana, forced out by Southern Triumvirate
“The First Southern Triumvirate” (Democrats)
Benjamin Fitzpatrick(1802- ) - Governor of Alabama
William Freret (1804- )- Mayor of New Orleans
Robert J. Walker (1801- )- Senator from Mississippi
William M. Evarts- Bostonian Democrat, and one time colonial gov. of the Victoria Territory (Also called the Columbia Territory)
Andrew Johnson- Governor of Tennessee (1853 – 1857)
Isham Harris (1818- )- Tennessee Secessionist politician
William Henry Gist (1807- )- South Carolina Secessionist
George Clement Perkins (1839- )- Governor of California, aided Harrison in his Western Plan.
Zenas Ferry Moody (1832- )- Governor of Oregon, aided Harrison in his Western Plan
Frederick Augustus Tritle (1830- )- Governor of Arizona, aided Harrison in his Western Plan
Andrew L. Harris (1835- )- "The Farmer-Statesman", a popular mid-western candidate who helped Harrison win the primary.
James Henderson Blount (1837- )- Territorial Governor of Hawaii, created the "Island System"
William Cameron (1842- )- Virginia Politician, leading Southern Populist. Founder of the 'Cameroons' a group of young and charismatic populists.
James Paul Clarke (1854- )- The leading 'Cameroon' and the most famous of the Populist reformers.
John Peter Altgeld (1847-1902)- radical Florida Populist, and strong supporter of Thomas Watson
Edwin C. Burleigh (1843-1916)- Populist turned Republican who supported William Allen.
George Pardee (1857-1941) Socialist from California, opponent of Eugene Debs, lost power within the party after the Election of 1912
Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924) Governor of New Jersey and strong Socialist and Isolationist
Fred Malthy Warner (1865-1923) Governor of Michigan, Socialist opponent of Eugene Debs, lost power within the party after 1912.
Hiram Johnson (1866-1945) Socialist from California, one of the "New Socialists"
Jonathan Bourne, Jr (1855-1940) Socialist from Oregon, one of the "New Socialists"
Edmond Favor Noel (1856-1927) Democrat-turned-Nationalist from Mississippi, early supporter of the Nationalist Party
John S. Little (1851-1916) Governor of Akransas, resigned due to a nervous breakdown.
----Xenophon Overton Pindall, his successor, a Nationalist
James Aloysius O'Gorma Senator from New York, fell victim to Robert Bacon's policial scheming in 1912-13
George B. Ward (1867-1940) Mayor of Birmingham and Nationalist politician who published "Yhe Proposal to Intervene in the Mexican Conflict"
Lathrop Brown (1883-1959)- New York politician, relatively forgotten but primarily responsible for the downfall of President Bacon
Willard Saulsbury, Jr. (1861-1927)- Conservative ally of President Bacon, ousted by Republicans under Roosevelt
Hubert Work (1860-1940)- "Red Republican" who helped lead the party to a moderate stance.
--
Supreme Court Justices
----
Roger Taney (1777- )- Chief Justice of the Supreme Court 1836-1864
Military Leaders
----
Major General Winfield Scott(1786-1866) - “Great Old Man of the Army”, general-in-chief of all US forces from 1841-1861.
General G. W. Getty(1819- ) - General responsible for the putting down the initial Indian revolt following the Trail of Tears. Named Commander of US forces in Mexico after the first stages of the war.
----Charles D. Craven- His second in command, later commanded in Mexico ----but was replaced in favor of Getty. (d. 1856)
General Zachary Taylor (1784-1842)- General in charge of the American invasion of Utah (Mexico)- killed at the battle of Green River
Colonel Anthony Briggs (1800-1860)- Commander of the First Army during the Mexican-American war.
Colonel Martin Hienz (1793-1863)- Commander of the 1st Dragoons; later sent to Texas
Colonel Francis Engle Patterson (1827- )- One of the young American-Party generals in California
General Ambrose Burnside (1821- ) Another young AP general in Texas
General Anthony Hopkinson (1803-1865) General Heinz' successor to command of the US Dragoons.
General Douglas Farr (1820-1854) A Virginia born general, known for his daring, slain in 1854 at the battle of Kingsville
Don Carlos Buell (1818- ) An Ohio Born American Party loyalist, appointed to command in Mexico
George McClellan (1826- ) Pennsylvanian Military commander. Fought in Mexico and was named military governor of Victoria to deal with the Metis revolt. Eventually a General in the Civil War of little fame.
General Nelson A. Miles- Created the Miles Plan for Colombia, and eventually led the invasion of Colombia. Partially blamed for the problems in the invasion.
Philip Sheridan (1831- ) Union General, captured Louisiana and made an infamous March to the Sea across the US South. Eventualy aids General Sherman in his invasion of Colombia and is discharged with him.
William T. Sherman (1820- ) Union General in the West, aided Sheridan and Johnston on many occasions. Eventually named General-in-chief. Created the Sherman Plan for Colombia, but was overruled. Removed from command by President Hayes for disobeying orders.
Admiral George Dewey (1837-1917) Admiral of the US Atlantic Fleet, won battles over the French and Spanish during the Spanish-American war.
Leonard Wood (1860-1914) General of the US Army, eventually Commander and Chief. Led US armies to victory in the Spanish American War and won the Battle of Cadiz, winning the Spanish-American war. Eventually appointed Colonial Governor of the Philippines and China, assassinated by Chinese Anarchists.
----Charles Wood- His brother, an admiral
General Arthur MacArthur (1845-1912) US General, fought in the Spanish American War and Sino-American war. Served as first ever Secretary of Foriegn Affairs.
Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1918) Colonel, commander of the "Rough Riders" who liberated Baltimore. Served as Secretary of State and President
James Franklin Wade (1855-1910) General, led unsuccefull assault on the Spanish in the Philippines
Francis Stark (1860-1908) General, served in the Philippines, organized the Battle of Panay, which ended in abject failure.
Nelson Miles (1839-1925) General, lead the US invasion of French-Indochina
William P. Biddle (1853-1923) General of the Marine Corp, conquered the French Caribbean.
Robert Lee Bullard (1861-1947) General of the US Army, led invasion of French South-America
R. G. Davenport- Captain of the USS Georgia, led the Naval Raids on France.
William Hood Simpson- American General in command of the American Indian Expedition who defeated the Afghani forces.
Hugh L. Scott (1853-1934)- American Chief of Staff, developed the "Trident Plan" for China
Thomas Chamberlain- General-in-Charge of the Chinese Occupation
----George Windle Read- Commander in China
Patrick Hurley- (1883- ) American military liason with the Chinese Communist Rebels under Zhu De
Douglas MacArthur- Commander in China, and then primary military leader in the victory of the USCA
Alfred Selway- Socialist ally and Admiral, took the fall when the initial operations in Central America failed.
William Daniel Leahy- American Admiral, victory of the Battle of New Zealand
Civil War Generals
--
John Pope: (1822- ) General incharge of the Liberation of Texas and the USCA intervention, eventually took part in the Civil War
George G. Meade (1815-1868) General of the Union army of the Potomac, failed in numerous battles and was replaced, slain at Smithfield
Philip Sheridan (1831- ) Union General, captured Louisiana and made an infamous March to the Sea across the US South.
William Buel Franklin (1823- ) Union General in the Eastern theatre
Albert Sidney Johnston (1803- ) Union General of the West, had sucess and was given command of the Army of the Potomac
Elon J. Farnsworth (1837- ) Union cavalry commander
William T. Sherman (1820- ) Union General in the West, aided Sheridan and Johnston on many occasions.
William Hervey Lamme Wallace (1821-1866) Union General, slain at Shiloh
Joseph E. Hooker (1814-1867) Union General, slain at the Battle of Smithfield
Erasmus Darwin Keyes (1810- ) Union General, lost the state of West Virginia
Joseph King Fenno Mansfield (1803-1867) Union Artillery General, slain at Beckley
Alfred Pleasonton (1824- ) Union General
Robert Allen (1811- ) Union General
Winfield Scott Hancock (1824- ) Union General
Others
----
William Lloyd Garrison (1805- )- Abolitionist leader, with no official political ties.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton(1815- ) - Pro-Suffrage abolitionist
Wendell Phillips (1811- )- Indian Rights advocate
Frederick Douglas (1818- )- Free black, abolitionist leader and orator
Joseph Smith (1805-1844)- Founder of the Mormon church, killed while in prison
Brigham Young (1801- )- Led the Mormons out of Illinois and into Utah
Newton Crain Blanchard, William Sherman Jennings, William Dorsey Jelks- Southern Businessmen
Booker T. Washington (1856-1915)- African American political philosopher who helped rebuild the Republican party
George Henry White (1852-1918)- African-American congressman, founded the "Phoenix Movement" both to rebuild the Republican Party and establish a unifed African-American political ideology
Henry P Cheatham (1857-1935)- African-American Congressman, helped build the three-party power structure behind President Allen's Democratic-Republicans
Andrew Harris (1835-1915)- Governor of Ohio, Populist turned Socialist, helped Socialists win Ohio in 1908
Francis Marion Cockrel and William Warner- Southern Nationalist politicians, helped the Republicans maintain the White House in 1908
Frank Putnam Flint (1826-1929)- California Republican Senator
Henry Ford (1863-1947) Michigan Business Tychoon and "Industrial Socialist"
Samuel Gompers- President of the AFL and staunch anti-Communist.
Ohio Industrialists
Samuel Starkweather (1799- )- Founder of the Ohio Industrial Company
Mordecai Bartley, Wilson Shannon, Henry James Lytle- Ohio industrialists
--
Places
----
Free City of Austin- Independent Texan republic, founded after the near annihilation of Texas by the Mexicans.
Kansas- The capital of the Kansas Territory, subject to a brutal raid by Mexican cavalry.
Die Freie Stadt- The Free City (Freesdat)- Founded by German radicals in Florida.
Battles
----
Battle of the Coast (1866) Skirmish between Union and Confederate forces in Central America
Harrison Island (1866)- First major battle of the Civil War- Confederate Victory
Leesburg (1866)- Civil War battle which ended Union attempts to invade Virginia for some time.
Shiloh (1866)- Bloodiest battle of the Civil War. Ended in a draw
Beckley (1867)- Civil War battle which gave the CSA control of West Virginia
Fort Jackson, New Orleans, New Roads, Many, Mansfield (1867)- Union victories in Louisiana
Shreveport (1867)- Minor Confederate victory in Louisiana.
Marksville (1867)- Major battle in Louisiana in which Sheridan gained control of the state.
Cotting Lake(1867)- Called the Battle of Washington, led to Confederate control of the Union Capital
Raven Branch(1868)- last major battle in Tennessee, Union victory.
Frederick(1868)-Union victory in Maryland which regained control of the state
Cadiz (1900)- American victory over the Spanish in the Spanish-American War.
Midway (1926)- American victory over the Japanese ending the Japanese-American War
~~~~~~
*- Filled a previous President's term
~~
Person and Event Guide
In order to help both myself and you the reader keep track of who is who, I’ve included a guide.
~~
Presidents
----
Andrew Jackson- 7th President, 1829-1837 (Democrat) (1767-1845)
----Martin Van Buren- His Vice President
Martin Van Buren- 8th President, 1836-1840 (Democrat) (1782-1862)
----Richard Mentor Johnson- His Vice President
----John Forsyth- His Secretary of State
----Levi Woodbury- His Secretary of the Treasury
----Joel Roberts Poinsett- His Secretary of War
----Felix Grundy- His (2nd) Attorney General
----Mahlon Dickerson- His Secretary of the Navy
John Forsyth- 9th President, 1841 (Democrat) (1780-1841)
----John Tyler - his Vice President
----John C. Calhoun- his Secretary of the Treasury
----George Mifflin Dallas- His Attorney General
----William Learned Marcy- His Secretary of War
----Abel P. Upshur- His Secretary of the Navy
----Mahlon Dickerson- His Secretary of State
*Mahlon Dickerson- 10th President, 1841-1844 (Democrat) (1770-1853)
----He kept most of President Forsyth's cabinet
Henry Clay- 11th President, 1844-1850 (Whig) (1777-1852)
----Willie Person Mangum- His Vice President, from North Carolina
----Daniel Webster- His Secretary of State
Charles Magill Conrad-12th President, 1850-1858 (American) (1804-1878)
----Martin Hienz- His Vice President, War Hero
----Washington Hunt- His Secretary of State from new York, American Party ----loyalist
----Thomas Hart Benton- His Sec. of Treas. from North Carolina
----Thomas Walker Gilmer- His Secretary of War, from Virginia
----John J. Crittenden- His Attorney General, from Kentucky
----George Bancroft-His Secretary of the Navy, from Massachusetts
William Patterson-13th President, 1858-1865 (Democrat) (1790-1870)
----James Buchanan- His Vice President, from Pennsylvania
----Stephen Douglas- his Secretary of State, from Illinois
----Jacob Thompson- his Secretary of the Interior, from North Carolina
----Jefferson Davis- his Secretary of War, from Kentucky
----John Hubbard- His Secretary of the Treasury, from Maine
*Daniel Clark- 14th President, 1865-1872 (Republican) (1809-1891)
----No Vice President for his first term
----Abraham Lincoln- His Secretary of State (then Vice President), from Illinois
----Cyrus Aldrich, His Secretary of the Treasury (until '71)
----John Milton Brannan, His Secretary of War
Thomas Ewing Jr- 15th President, 1872-1876 (Republican) (1829-1896)
----Henry Lane- His Vice President, from Indiana
----Ezra Clark, Jr- His Secretary of State, from Connecticut
----George S. Boutwell- His Secretary of Treasury, from Mass.
----Charles Clayton- His Secretary of the Interior, from California
Justin Smith Morrill- 16th President, 1876-1884 (Republican) (1810-1890)
----Rutherford B Hayes- His Vice President, from Ohio
----John Sherman- His Secretary of State, from Ohio
----William Almy Pirce- His Secretary of Treasury, from Rhode Island
----Morgan Calvin Hamilton- His Secretary of the Interior, from North Texas
Rutherford B Hayes- 17th President, 1884-1888 (Republican) (1822-1893)
----John Davis Long- His Vice President, from Massachusetts
----Benjamin Harrison- His Secreatry of State, from Ohio
----James Garfield- His Secretary of the Treasury, from Ohio
----Sylvester Pennoyer- His Secretary of the Interior, from Oregon
Benjamin Harrison- 18th President, 1888-1892 (Republican)
----William Windom- His Vice President, from Minnesota
----James G. Blaine- His Secretary of State, from Maine
Joseph Daniel- 19th President, 1892-1896 (Populist)
----Thomas Watson- His Vice President, from Georgia
----William Jennings Bryan- His Secretary of State, from Illinois
William V. Allen- 20th President, 1896-1904 (Populist/Democratic-Republican)
----James P. Clark- His first Vice President, from Arkansas
----A. Daniel Candler- His Second Vice President, from Georgia
----Richard Olney- His Secretary of State, from Mass.
David Marston Clough- 21st President, 1904-1912 (Republican)
----Robert Bacon- His Vice President, from Mass.
----Theodore Roosevelt- His Secretary of State, From New York
----Arthur MacArthur- His Secretary of Foriegn Affairs, From Mass.
----Leslie M. Shaw- His Secretary of the Treasury, from Iowa
Robert Bacon- 22nd President, 1912-1916 (Republican)
----William Howard Taft- his Vice President, from Ohio
----Philander Chase Knox- His Secretary of State, from Pennsylvania
----William Gibbs McAdoo- His Secretary of the Interior, from Georgia
Theodore Roosvelt- 23rd President, 1916-1919 (Republican)
----William Howard Taft- His Vice President, From Ohio
----William Gibbs McAdoo- His Secretary of State, from Georgia
*William Howard Taft-24th President, 1919-1920 (Republican)
----William Gibbs McAdoo- His Vice President, From Georgia
Hiram Johnson- 25th President, 1920-1928 (Socialist)
----Robert La Follette- His Vice President, From Wisconsin
----William Pettus Hobby- His Secretary of State, From North Texas
----John Barton Payne- His Secretary of the Interior, from West Virginia
------John E. Hoover- His Under-Secretary, from Washington, D.C.
----Curtis Dwight Wilbur- His Secretary of the Navy, from Iowa
Herbert Hoover- 26th President, 1928-1932 (Republican)
----Hubert Work- His Vice President, From Pennsylvania
Franklin D. Roosevelt- 27th President, 1932- (Socialist)
----George White- His Vice President, From Ohio
Politicians
----
Confederate Politicians
Albert G. Brown (1813- ) Confederate President 1866-1869, fled to France
----Jackson Morton, His Vice President, from Florida
----Howell Cobb, His Secretary of State, from Georgia
----Allen T. Caperton, His Secretary of War, From Virginia
----John Henninger Reagan, His Post Master General
Andrew Gordon Magrath (1813- )- Governor of South Carolina, called for his state to leave the Union
William Gist- Former governor of SC, pro-Confederacy
William Porcher Miles- Confederate politician from SC
Zebulon Baird Vance- Confederate governor of North Carolina
Joseph E. Brown- Pro-Confederate governor of Georgia
Stephen Mallory- Interim governor of Florida, voted for secession late
Thomas Hill Watts- Alabama Governor, sided with secession to stay with other cotton states
Louis Trezevant Wigfall- Pro secession Texas politician
James Winright Flanagan-Pro secession Texas politician
George Davis- North Carolina Confederate Senator
Jefferson Davis- Confederate Presidential hopefull
Judah Philip Benjamin- Confederate politician, proposed a strong central government
John T. Monroe- Confederate Mayor of New Orleans (American Party) abandoned the city for fear of Union takeover.
John S. Carlile- Virginia Unionist, helped West Virginia break free
--
Confederate Military Leaders
Samuel Cooper (1789- ) Highest ranking Confederate General, designed the plan for West Virginia
Robert E Lee (1807-1870) Confederate General in Cheif, commander of all Confederate armies.
Colonel P.G.T. Beauregard (1818- ) Col. in the US army, led the Confederate mutiny in USCA, captured by Union forces
Jubal Early (1816- ) Confederate General, One of Lee's Generals in the East
John Bell Hood (1831- ) Confederate General in the Eastern theatre
Thomas 'Stonewall' 'Burnt Earth' Jackson (1824- ) Famous Confederate General, famous for his iron discipline and burn earth tactics in West Virginia.
James Longstreet (1821- ) Confederate General
Braxton Bragg (1817- ) Confederat commander of the West, lost control of Tennessee and the deep south, credited with loosing the war
William Joseph Hardee (1815-1867) Confederate General, eventually commander of the Arny of Tennesse, slain in battle
Lewis Addison Armistead (1817- ) Confederate General
Lafayette McLaws (1821- ) Union General
Roswell S. Ripley (1823- ) Northern born Confederate General.
Evander McIvor Law (1836- ) Confederate General
Robert Ransom Confederate General in charge of Louisiana
-Matt Whitaker Ransom (1826-1904) His Brother, served in the Civil War, later attempted to rebuild the Democratic Party
William Mahone (1824- ) Confederate General in Louisiana
William Whedbee Kirkland Confederate General
George Pickett (1825- ) Confederate General, famous for his bold charge at Frederick
Wade Hampton III- Confederate Cavalry commander, slain at Smithfield
Nathan Bedford Forrest- Confederate Cavalry commander, slain at Smithfield
-------------
Union Politicians
Presidential Hopefuls
William Henry Harrison (1773-1841)- “Tippecanoe” one time general and presidential candidate from Ohio.
----John Tyler- His running mate, from Virginia.
William L. Marcy (1786-1857) - Democrat, former governor of New York and supporter of Martin Van Buren
John C. Calhoun (1782-1850)- Famous post-colonial politician, perennial presidential candidate.
----Patrick Noble- governor of South Carolina, supporter of Calhoun
----George Rockingham Gilmer- Georgian, supporter of Calhoun
Hugh Lawson White (1773-1840) - Democrat-turned-Whig who ran for president against Van Buren. Enemy of Calhoun.
Daniel Webster (1782-1852)- Whig candidate for President against Van Buren and Charles Conrad, brilliant orator.
Charles Allen(?-1847)- New York politician, founder of the American Party
James K. Polk(1795-1849)Governor of Tennessee and presidential candidate
Josiah Quincy Jr. (1802- ) Mayor of Boston, Whig candidate
----Lewis Tappan- his vice presidential candidate
William Alexander Graham (1804- ) Governor of North Carolina, Whig
----John Bell- his vice presidential candidate
John Tyler (1790-1862) Virginia born vice president, Democratic candidate
----William Smith- Virginian, his vice presidential candidate
Alpheus Felch (1804- ) Maine born Vice Presidential candidate, last great American Party politician.
William Dunn Moseley (1795-1863) Florida born Democratic candidate for President
Benjamin Fitzpatrick (1802-1869) Alabama Democrat, candidate for President.
Don Carlos Buel (1818-1862) The last American Party presidential candidate, murdered.
Henry Smith Lane (1811- ) Republican
----Montgomery Blair- His running mate, from Maryland
James G. Blaine- Republican candidate in 1884, from Maine
John Sherman- Republican candidate in 1884, from Ohio
Grover Cleveland- Democrat candidate in 1884, from New York who helped split to form the Independant Democrats (1884-1886)
----John Franklin Miller, his running mate
Thomas Jackson- Southern leader, rebel General and hero of the South, ran for office on the Democrat ticket twice, most famously in 1884.
----John Griffin Carlisle, his running mate
Abraham Lincoln- Socialist/Populist candidate for President in 1884.
----Thomas Collier Platt, his running mate
John Davis Long- Republican candidate, lost the primary to Benjamin Harrison
Thomas Theodore Crittenden (1832- ) Democrat candidate for President in 1884
James Weaver (1833- ) Populist candidate for President in 1884
Eugene v. Debs (1855-1926) Populist and Socialist politician, ran for President three times but was defeated all three times.
----Henry Gage, his runningmante, from California
James A. Beaver (1837-1914) Republican candidate for President in the late 19th century
----George Edmunds, his runningmate, from Vermont
Thomas G. Jones (1844-1914) Democrat candidate for President
----John Y. Brown, his runningmate, from Kentucky
Robert Lowry (1831-1910) Independant-Democrat candidate for President
----James Z. George, his runningmate, from Mississippi
Henry Watterson (1840-1921) Southern-Democrat candidate for President
----Francis P. Fleming, his runningmate, from Florida.
Thomas Watson (1856–1922) Populist leader and Presidential candidate. Became a political rival to William Vincent Allen and helped split the party.
----Aaron T. Bliss, his runningmate, from New York
William Goebel (1856-1913) Governor of Kentucky, founder of the Nationalist Party and two time Presidential failure.
Joseph Draper Sayers (1841-1929) Final Democratic Presidential candidate, Governor of South Texas
----Andrew Longino, his runningmate, from Mississippi
Joseph Taylor Robinson (1872-1937) Nationalist Candidate for President, from Arkansas.
----Jared Sanders, his runningmate, from Louisiana
Fred Warner (1865-1923) Socialist Candidate for President, from Michigan
Eugene Victor Debs (1855–1926) Popular socialist leader and repeat contender for President, from Indiana
George Pardee (1857-1941) Socialist candidate for President, from California
John J. Pershing (1860-1948) Nationalist hero and Presidential Candidate, as well as General in the Spanish-American War.
George Wylie Paul Hunt (1859-1934) Socialist political organizer, considered presidential run but bowed out to Hiram Johnson
Frederick Hale (1874-1963) Republican Presidential Candidate, from Michigan
----Hugh Dorsey (1871-1948) His Running Mate, from Georgia
Charles McDowell (1871-1943) Nationalist Presidential Candidate and Governor of Alabama
Clarence Edward Case (1877-1961) Socialist successor to Hiram Johnson, form New Jersey
----Emil Seidel- His Running Mate, radical from Wisconsin
Morris Neff (1871-1952)- Governor of South Texas and Nationalist Candidate for President
--
Thomas E. Bramlette- Governor of Kentucky, pro-union. Called out the troops to keep the Kentucky Assembly from voting for secession.
--
“The Richmond Gang”
Thomas Walker Gilmer(1802- ) - Whig politician, Governor of Virginia.
William Cabell Rives (1793- ) -Former Democratic Senator who became a Whig in opposition to Dickerson
William S. Archer (1789- )-Whig senator from Virginia
Charles F. Mercer (1778- ) - Whig congressman from Virginia
Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter (1809- ) - A Whig local legislator in Virginia
--
Henry Augustus Philip Muhlenberg (1782-1844)- Pennsylvania Democrat, unsuccessfully ran for governor, died near election time.
----Francis Rawn Shunk- His replacement, who failed to win the election
Joseph Markle (1793- )- Whig politician who won election as Governor of PA
William F. Johnston (1808- )- Democrat-turned-Whig from Pennsylvania, closet abolitionist
“The Triumvirate of Whigs”
Thomas Ewing(1789- ) - Ohio Wig and political boss and industrialist
John Nelson (1791- )- Maryland Whig
Nathan Kelsey Hall(1810- ) - New York Senator, Whig
--
John S. Barry (1802- )- Michigan businessman, Governor of Michigan
Thomas Ford (1800- ) - Governor of Illinois, forced out by Mormon War
Orville Hickman Browning (1806- )- Governor of Illinois, forced Mormon’s out of state
John Henderson(1797- ) - Whig senator from Mississippi
Andre B. Roman(1795- ) - Whig governor of Louisiana, forced out by Southern Triumvirate
“The First Southern Triumvirate” (Democrats)
Benjamin Fitzpatrick(1802- ) - Governor of Alabama
William Freret (1804- )- Mayor of New Orleans
Robert J. Walker (1801- )- Senator from Mississippi
William M. Evarts- Bostonian Democrat, and one time colonial gov. of the Victoria Territory (Also called the Columbia Territory)
Andrew Johnson- Governor of Tennessee (1853 – 1857)
Isham Harris (1818- )- Tennessee Secessionist politician
William Henry Gist (1807- )- South Carolina Secessionist
George Clement Perkins (1839- )- Governor of California, aided Harrison in his Western Plan.
Zenas Ferry Moody (1832- )- Governor of Oregon, aided Harrison in his Western Plan
Frederick Augustus Tritle (1830- )- Governor of Arizona, aided Harrison in his Western Plan
Andrew L. Harris (1835- )- "The Farmer-Statesman", a popular mid-western candidate who helped Harrison win the primary.
James Henderson Blount (1837- )- Territorial Governor of Hawaii, created the "Island System"
William Cameron (1842- )- Virginia Politician, leading Southern Populist. Founder of the 'Cameroons' a group of young and charismatic populists.
James Paul Clarke (1854- )- The leading 'Cameroon' and the most famous of the Populist reformers.
John Peter Altgeld (1847-1902)- radical Florida Populist, and strong supporter of Thomas Watson
Edwin C. Burleigh (1843-1916)- Populist turned Republican who supported William Allen.
George Pardee (1857-1941) Socialist from California, opponent of Eugene Debs, lost power within the party after the Election of 1912
Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924) Governor of New Jersey and strong Socialist and Isolationist
Fred Malthy Warner (1865-1923) Governor of Michigan, Socialist opponent of Eugene Debs, lost power within the party after 1912.
Hiram Johnson (1866-1945) Socialist from California, one of the "New Socialists"
Jonathan Bourne, Jr (1855-1940) Socialist from Oregon, one of the "New Socialists"
Edmond Favor Noel (1856-1927) Democrat-turned-Nationalist from Mississippi, early supporter of the Nationalist Party
John S. Little (1851-1916) Governor of Akransas, resigned due to a nervous breakdown.
----Xenophon Overton Pindall, his successor, a Nationalist
James Aloysius O'Gorma Senator from New York, fell victim to Robert Bacon's policial scheming in 1912-13
George B. Ward (1867-1940) Mayor of Birmingham and Nationalist politician who published "Yhe Proposal to Intervene in the Mexican Conflict"
Lathrop Brown (1883-1959)- New York politician, relatively forgotten but primarily responsible for the downfall of President Bacon
Willard Saulsbury, Jr. (1861-1927)- Conservative ally of President Bacon, ousted by Republicans under Roosevelt
Hubert Work (1860-1940)- "Red Republican" who helped lead the party to a moderate stance.
--
Supreme Court Justices
----
Roger Taney (1777- )- Chief Justice of the Supreme Court 1836-1864
Military Leaders
----
Major General Winfield Scott(1786-1866) - “Great Old Man of the Army”, general-in-chief of all US forces from 1841-1861.
General G. W. Getty(1819- ) - General responsible for the putting down the initial Indian revolt following the Trail of Tears. Named Commander of US forces in Mexico after the first stages of the war.
----Charles D. Craven- His second in command, later commanded in Mexico ----but was replaced in favor of Getty. (d. 1856)
General Zachary Taylor (1784-1842)- General in charge of the American invasion of Utah (Mexico)- killed at the battle of Green River
Colonel Anthony Briggs (1800-1860)- Commander of the First Army during the Mexican-American war.
Colonel Martin Hienz (1793-1863)- Commander of the 1st Dragoons; later sent to Texas
Colonel Francis Engle Patterson (1827- )- One of the young American-Party generals in California
General Ambrose Burnside (1821- ) Another young AP general in Texas
General Anthony Hopkinson (1803-1865) General Heinz' successor to command of the US Dragoons.
General Douglas Farr (1820-1854) A Virginia born general, known for his daring, slain in 1854 at the battle of Kingsville
Don Carlos Buell (1818- ) An Ohio Born American Party loyalist, appointed to command in Mexico
George McClellan (1826- ) Pennsylvanian Military commander. Fought in Mexico and was named military governor of Victoria to deal with the Metis revolt. Eventually a General in the Civil War of little fame.
General Nelson A. Miles- Created the Miles Plan for Colombia, and eventually led the invasion of Colombia. Partially blamed for the problems in the invasion.
Philip Sheridan (1831- ) Union General, captured Louisiana and made an infamous March to the Sea across the US South. Eventualy aids General Sherman in his invasion of Colombia and is discharged with him.
William T. Sherman (1820- ) Union General in the West, aided Sheridan and Johnston on many occasions. Eventually named General-in-chief. Created the Sherman Plan for Colombia, but was overruled. Removed from command by President Hayes for disobeying orders.
Admiral George Dewey (1837-1917) Admiral of the US Atlantic Fleet, won battles over the French and Spanish during the Spanish-American war.
Leonard Wood (1860-1914) General of the US Army, eventually Commander and Chief. Led US armies to victory in the Spanish American War and won the Battle of Cadiz, winning the Spanish-American war. Eventually appointed Colonial Governor of the Philippines and China, assassinated by Chinese Anarchists.
----Charles Wood- His brother, an admiral
General Arthur MacArthur (1845-1912) US General, fought in the Spanish American War and Sino-American war. Served as first ever Secretary of Foriegn Affairs.
Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1918) Colonel, commander of the "Rough Riders" who liberated Baltimore. Served as Secretary of State and President
James Franklin Wade (1855-1910) General, led unsuccefull assault on the Spanish in the Philippines
Francis Stark (1860-1908) General, served in the Philippines, organized the Battle of Panay, which ended in abject failure.
Nelson Miles (1839-1925) General, lead the US invasion of French-Indochina
William P. Biddle (1853-1923) General of the Marine Corp, conquered the French Caribbean.
Robert Lee Bullard (1861-1947) General of the US Army, led invasion of French South-America
R. G. Davenport- Captain of the USS Georgia, led the Naval Raids on France.
William Hood Simpson- American General in command of the American Indian Expedition who defeated the Afghani forces.
Hugh L. Scott (1853-1934)- American Chief of Staff, developed the "Trident Plan" for China
Thomas Chamberlain- General-in-Charge of the Chinese Occupation
----George Windle Read- Commander in China
Patrick Hurley- (1883- ) American military liason with the Chinese Communist Rebels under Zhu De
Douglas MacArthur- Commander in China, and then primary military leader in the victory of the USCA
Alfred Selway- Socialist ally and Admiral, took the fall when the initial operations in Central America failed.
William Daniel Leahy- American Admiral, victory of the Battle of New Zealand
Civil War Generals
--
John Pope: (1822- ) General incharge of the Liberation of Texas and the USCA intervention, eventually took part in the Civil War
George G. Meade (1815-1868) General of the Union army of the Potomac, failed in numerous battles and was replaced, slain at Smithfield
Philip Sheridan (1831- ) Union General, captured Louisiana and made an infamous March to the Sea across the US South.
William Buel Franklin (1823- ) Union General in the Eastern theatre
Albert Sidney Johnston (1803- ) Union General of the West, had sucess and was given command of the Army of the Potomac
Elon J. Farnsworth (1837- ) Union cavalry commander
William T. Sherman (1820- ) Union General in the West, aided Sheridan and Johnston on many occasions.
William Hervey Lamme Wallace (1821-1866) Union General, slain at Shiloh
Joseph E. Hooker (1814-1867) Union General, slain at the Battle of Smithfield
Erasmus Darwin Keyes (1810- ) Union General, lost the state of West Virginia
Joseph King Fenno Mansfield (1803-1867) Union Artillery General, slain at Beckley
Alfred Pleasonton (1824- ) Union General
Robert Allen (1811- ) Union General
Winfield Scott Hancock (1824- ) Union General
Others
----
William Lloyd Garrison (1805- )- Abolitionist leader, with no official political ties.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton(1815- ) - Pro-Suffrage abolitionist
Wendell Phillips (1811- )- Indian Rights advocate
Frederick Douglas (1818- )- Free black, abolitionist leader and orator
Joseph Smith (1805-1844)- Founder of the Mormon church, killed while in prison
Brigham Young (1801- )- Led the Mormons out of Illinois and into Utah
Newton Crain Blanchard, William Sherman Jennings, William Dorsey Jelks- Southern Businessmen
Booker T. Washington (1856-1915)- African American political philosopher who helped rebuild the Republican party
George Henry White (1852-1918)- African-American congressman, founded the "Phoenix Movement" both to rebuild the Republican Party and establish a unifed African-American political ideology
Henry P Cheatham (1857-1935)- African-American Congressman, helped build the three-party power structure behind President Allen's Democratic-Republicans
Andrew Harris (1835-1915)- Governor of Ohio, Populist turned Socialist, helped Socialists win Ohio in 1908
Francis Marion Cockrel and William Warner- Southern Nationalist politicians, helped the Republicans maintain the White House in 1908
Frank Putnam Flint (1826-1929)- California Republican Senator
Henry Ford (1863-1947) Michigan Business Tychoon and "Industrial Socialist"
Samuel Gompers- President of the AFL and staunch anti-Communist.
Ohio Industrialists
Samuel Starkweather (1799- )- Founder of the Ohio Industrial Company
Mordecai Bartley, Wilson Shannon, Henry James Lytle- Ohio industrialists
--
Places
----
Free City of Austin- Independent Texan republic, founded after the near annihilation of Texas by the Mexicans.
Kansas- The capital of the Kansas Territory, subject to a brutal raid by Mexican cavalry.
Die Freie Stadt- The Free City (Freesdat)- Founded by German radicals in Florida.
Battles
----
Battle of the Coast (1866) Skirmish between Union and Confederate forces in Central America
Harrison Island (1866)- First major battle of the Civil War- Confederate Victory
Leesburg (1866)- Civil War battle which ended Union attempts to invade Virginia for some time.
Shiloh (1866)- Bloodiest battle of the Civil War. Ended in a draw
Beckley (1867)- Civil War battle which gave the CSA control of West Virginia
Fort Jackson, New Orleans, New Roads, Many, Mansfield (1867)- Union victories in Louisiana
Shreveport (1867)- Minor Confederate victory in Louisiana.
Marksville (1867)- Major battle in Louisiana in which Sheridan gained control of the state.
Cotting Lake(1867)- Called the Battle of Washington, led to Confederate control of the Union Capital
Raven Branch(1868)- last major battle in Tennessee, Union victory.
Frederick(1868)-Union victory in Maryland which regained control of the state
Cadiz (1900)- American victory over the Spanish in the Spanish-American War.
Midway (1926)- American victory over the Japanese ending the Japanese-American War
~~~~~~
*- Filled a previous President's term
Last edited:
stnylan said:
Yeah, the large number of obscure American politicians I started using led me to want to set up something for everyone (myself included) to use as a guide. May post an actual update tonight.
54, 40 and Anna at the Gate
~~~
In the 1844 election, expansion was not a major issue; it was naturally assumed that American expansion would happen at a reasonable pace, and eventually all the land between the Atlantic and Pacific would belong to the United States. Mexico was a problem, but few people (beyond those in the Border States) truly paid mind to the slow build up of Mexican troops on the US border. Rather, following the excitement of the 1844 election, the continent saw a general cooling in climate. The rise of political monopolies seemed secure and things were once again clipping along at a decent pace.
All of this came to a crashing halt in January of 1846. Josiah Gardner Abbott, a Democratic Representative from Massachusetts, introduced a bill to Congress calling for the pressing of the US claim to lands in the Oregon territory/Columbia District. The United States had claims on all the land south of the 54° 40' line. Abbott, acting on behalf of Boston based businesses which had come under some scrutiny by the British for work in that region (despite the joint-occupancy agreement of 1818), introduced the bill to encourage action.
Abbot introduced the bill in 44, but 1845 it had passed the House by a slim majority. When it arrived in the Senate, many wondered aloud if the Bill would ever pass by President Clay’s desk. Though Clay gained support in the election for seemingly anti-British economic measures, few people believed he would fight for land. Clay himself had spoken out against aggressive expansion in the past. However the Whig majority agreed to carry the bill, thanks in great part to the Ohio and Michigan Whigs who crossed the aisle and voted for the bill.
Clay, ever the compromiser, knew he needed the support of those Mid-Western Whigs to continue his tariff reform. Without their votes, his plan would be sunk. Thus, he was forced to bite the bullet and pass the bill. 54° 40' or Fight became the slogan of 1845, and in January of 1846, the British relented. Robert Peel, England’s Prime Minister, was facing heat from within his own party and knew a conflict with the Americans would end his political career. Thus he informed Sir Richard Pakenham to sign a treaty with the Americans, granting them full control of the Oregon territory.
Clay, having averted once crisis, now felt the full force of a second. In January of 1848, the Midwestern Whigs attempted to see how far they could push Clay. The birth of the state of Florida had tipped the balance to the south, many Whigs wanted that balance re-established, and so called for the admission of Wisconsin as a state. Clay once again crumbled however this time he received something in return. Clay, to appease Southerners, had to ensure that the newly incorporated Columbia Territory, would not become a free state, and tilt the scales even further. Wisconsin entered the Union (ironically Nelson Dewey, a Democrat, was its first governor) as a state without slavery. However, Wisconsin Compromise stipulated that no new states could be admitted to the Union north of the so-called ‘Mason Dixon Line’ until a state was admitted to the south.
The immediate consequence of this act was to disenfranchise those British citizens who had now become Americans in the Columbia Territory. The more long-lasting aspect of the treaty was that, without war or diplomatic deal with the Mexicans, no more states would be admitted into the Union, leaving the number at 28 for the time being. Southerners took this as a challenge, and immediately began gearing up for another round of conflict. Texas still looked like a prime target for expansion, especially given the political troubles gripping Mexico at the time. Mexican forces on the border of Kansas meant no State in the west would be admitted until they were gone. So, the South prepared.
It was the South that urged Winfield Scott westward into Louisiana, where the already military-heavy cities of New Orleans and Baton Rouge poured recruits into the army. Scott and his commanders drew up strategies, most formed from the failures of the war five years earlier. Soon it seemed only a spark was needed to start war. Clay however, would not budge. Economic success which followed his tariff bills passing and his undoing of the Jacksonian economic plans of his predecessors, led many to forget about the struggle in the West. Indeed, the West did not seem to be a dangerous place, but a prosperous one. The growth of railroads led to the first Transcontinental railroad which was completed in August of 1849 with the final tracks being laid in Wisconsin. It seemed, to Clay, that everything was going well. Clay had the support of the people, but his undoing would come with his compromising and subjection to the pressure of the legislature. The Election of 1850 would decide the fate of America, and would bring the clouds of war back to the horizon.
~~~
In the 1844 election, expansion was not a major issue; it was naturally assumed that American expansion would happen at a reasonable pace, and eventually all the land between the Atlantic and Pacific would belong to the United States. Mexico was a problem, but few people (beyond those in the Border States) truly paid mind to the slow build up of Mexican troops on the US border. Rather, following the excitement of the 1844 election, the continent saw a general cooling in climate. The rise of political monopolies seemed secure and things were once again clipping along at a decent pace.
All of this came to a crashing halt in January of 1846. Josiah Gardner Abbott, a Democratic Representative from Massachusetts, introduced a bill to Congress calling for the pressing of the US claim to lands in the Oregon territory/Columbia District. The United States had claims on all the land south of the 54° 40' line. Abbott, acting on behalf of Boston based businesses which had come under some scrutiny by the British for work in that region (despite the joint-occupancy agreement of 1818), introduced the bill to encourage action.
Abbot introduced the bill in 44, but 1845 it had passed the House by a slim majority. When it arrived in the Senate, many wondered aloud if the Bill would ever pass by President Clay’s desk. Though Clay gained support in the election for seemingly anti-British economic measures, few people believed he would fight for land. Clay himself had spoken out against aggressive expansion in the past. However the Whig majority agreed to carry the bill, thanks in great part to the Ohio and Michigan Whigs who crossed the aisle and voted for the bill.
Clay, ever the compromiser, knew he needed the support of those Mid-Western Whigs to continue his tariff reform. Without their votes, his plan would be sunk. Thus, he was forced to bite the bullet and pass the bill. 54° 40' or Fight became the slogan of 1845, and in January of 1846, the British relented. Robert Peel, England’s Prime Minister, was facing heat from within his own party and knew a conflict with the Americans would end his political career. Thus he informed Sir Richard Pakenham to sign a treaty with the Americans, granting them full control of the Oregon territory.
Clay, having averted once crisis, now felt the full force of a second. In January of 1848, the Midwestern Whigs attempted to see how far they could push Clay. The birth of the state of Florida had tipped the balance to the south, many Whigs wanted that balance re-established, and so called for the admission of Wisconsin as a state. Clay once again crumbled however this time he received something in return. Clay, to appease Southerners, had to ensure that the newly incorporated Columbia Territory, would not become a free state, and tilt the scales even further. Wisconsin entered the Union (ironically Nelson Dewey, a Democrat, was its first governor) as a state without slavery. However, Wisconsin Compromise stipulated that no new states could be admitted to the Union north of the so-called ‘Mason Dixon Line’ until a state was admitted to the south.
The immediate consequence of this act was to disenfranchise those British citizens who had now become Americans in the Columbia Territory. The more long-lasting aspect of the treaty was that, without war or diplomatic deal with the Mexicans, no more states would be admitted into the Union, leaving the number at 28 for the time being. Southerners took this as a challenge, and immediately began gearing up for another round of conflict. Texas still looked like a prime target for expansion, especially given the political troubles gripping Mexico at the time. Mexican forces on the border of Kansas meant no State in the west would be admitted until they were gone. So, the South prepared.
It was the South that urged Winfield Scott westward into Louisiana, where the already military-heavy cities of New Orleans and Baton Rouge poured recruits into the army. Scott and his commanders drew up strategies, most formed from the failures of the war five years earlier. Soon it seemed only a spark was needed to start war. Clay however, would not budge. Economic success which followed his tariff bills passing and his undoing of the Jacksonian economic plans of his predecessors, led many to forget about the struggle in the West. Indeed, the West did not seem to be a dangerous place, but a prosperous one. The growth of railroads led to the first Transcontinental railroad which was completed in August of 1849 with the final tracks being laid in Wisconsin. It seemed, to Clay, that everything was going well. Clay had the support of the people, but his undoing would come with his compromising and subjection to the pressure of the legislature. The Election of 1850 would decide the fate of America, and would bring the clouds of war back to the horizon.
War is definitely looming on the horizon. The US may be able to project its hostilities outward for a little while. I suppose in theory if it were to expand enough its own tensions might become diffused, but realistically I think not.
I am interested in what the long-term consequences of Columbia will be.
I am interested in what the long-term consequences of Columbia will be.
So the British gave up British Columbia to you? Interesting.
Now to make sure Mexico doesn't end up taking that in the war :d
Now to make sure Mexico doesn't end up taking that in the war :d
stynlan- With expansion comes more conflict, because then you have the question of extending slavery to newly conquered territory. I sort of hinted at that in the end, but it will become something far more volatile shortly.
RGB- Thanks for reading! Always good to see another face. The British, in my games, almost always seem to give up Columbia, not that I mind. And on the Mexicans- yeah, I'd worry about that. The first run around was a shambles for America, couldn't push further south than the Rio Grande, and even that was a trial.
RGB- Thanks for reading! Always good to see another face. The British, in my games, almost always seem to give up Columbia, not that I mind. And on the Mexicans- yeah, I'd worry about that. The first run around was a shambles for America, couldn't push further south than the Rio Grande, and even that was a trial.
I did not realize you were updating on this again, Estonianzulu. Nice overview of the situation above and this most recent update has me believing we might soon see Polk come to the forefront. A terribly underated President, if you ask me.